Volume-06 , Special Issue-01 , 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Production of a Recombinant Anti-tyrosinase Chimeric Peptide in Methylotrophic Yeast, Pichia pastoris

  J. Usha Rani, B. Siva Prasad, S.S. Vutukuru, Chand Pasha

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.66-71, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.6671

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  In recent years, application of peptides increased as therapeutic agents due to their high activity per unit mass, highly specific and low toxicity. Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) is a substantial workhorse in pharmaceutical biotechnology, especially for heterologous peptide production. Hence, a recombinant antityrosinase peptide that is vital for formulating skin lightening agents is carried out in the present study. P. pastoris X33was employed in chimeric peptide expression and production. Coding gene (669 bp) encoding for a protein of small peptides separated with NG 223 amino acid having antityrosinase activity was cloned into pPICZα vector. Zeocin based selection of transformants was conducted in YEPD medium. The recombinant plasmid was isolated and digested with Sal I. Subsequently, it was transformed by electroporation and expressed under the control of the AOX1 promoter in P. pastoris X33. His Tag based approach (Ni-Agarose) was used to purify the recombinant peptide. The purified recombinant chimeric peptide (25 kDa) was characterized using SDS-PAGE. The culture when induced with 0.5% (v/v) methanol average yield was 40 mg/mL for 72h. The chimeric peptide was digested with hydroxyl amine and peptide cocktail purified by size exclusion chromatography. Antityrosinase potential of cocktail of purified peptide fractions was 62%. The recombinant chimer peptide characterized in the study can be used as a proxy in formulating skin lightening agents.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Recombinant, Chimer Peptide, Pichia pastoris X33, Anti-tyrosinase Activity

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  Citation
  J. Usha Rani, B. Siva Prasad, S.S. Vutukuru, Chand Pasha, "Production of a Recombinant Anti-tyrosinase Chimeric Peptide in Methylotrophic Yeast, Pichia pastoris," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.66-71, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Studies on Azo dye degradation using green synthesized nanoparticles

  Palugula S. Shivani, S. Chaitanya kumari, P. Naga Padma

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.72-79, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.7279

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  Abstract
  Release of textile Azodyes from industries is a health issue of concern as they are carcinogenic. Azodyes mostly act as recalcitrant molecules which are polluting the environment and so biodegradation of azodyes is necessity. Green synthesized nanoparticles can be used to biodegrade different azodyes. The present study is concentrated on biodegradation of azodyes using nanoparticles synthesized from seven different plant extracts like Camellia sinensis, Mentha officinalis, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Piper betle, Punica granatum, Aloevera and Amaranthus. Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) and Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using different aqueous solutions like CuSO4 and AgNO3 respectively. Synthesis of nanoparticles was studied at various time intervals like 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs. The Azodyes were studied for decolorization at varying time intervals. Various azodyes studied includes congo red, tryphan blue, methyl red and malachite green at different concentrations ranging from 0.2 mg/mL - 1.0 mg/mL. AgNP’s produced by Aloevera and Ocimum tenuiflorum has shown degradation of only two different azo dyes methyl red and malachite green respectively. The same results obtained by CuNPs synthesized from leaf extracts of Mentha officinalis, Camellia sinensis, Piper betle and Punia granatum which showed degradation of same azo dyes methyl red and malachite green. Whereas AgNPs produced by Amaranthus has shown the degradation of three different azo dyes congo red, malachite green and methyl red. However, tryphan blue could not be degraded by any of the nanoparticles. Comparatively the degradation of azodye methyl red was found to be highest by AgNP’s synthesized from Camellia sinensis which varied with time and was 100% by 72 hours. The degradation of azodye malachite green was found to be highest by CuNP’s synthesized from Camellia sinensis which varied with time and was 100% by 72hours whereas the degradation of azo dye congo red was shown only by CuNP’s synthesized from Amaranthus which varied with time and was 91% by 72hours. Increased concentration of nanoparticles enhanced the azodye degradation resulting in decolourization within 48 hours. Thus, the green synthesized nanoparticles can be used for efficient degradation of different azo dyes giving scope for development of treatment technologies of industrial dye waste waters.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Silver nanoparticles, Copper nanoparticles, Azodyes ,Decolourization

  References
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  Citation
  Palugula S. Shivani, S. Chaitanya kumari, P. Naga Padma, "Studies on Azo dye degradation using green synthesized nanoparticles," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.72-79, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  A Comparative Study of Antioxidants and Antimicrobial activity in Vegetables, Leafy Vegetables and Spices

  J. Guna Priya, K. Geetha Lakshmi, Niharika Sharma, D.Rajani

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.80-85, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.8085

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  Natural antioxidants, especially the phenolic compounds act both by reducing the content of toxic compounds in foods and providing the human body with exogenous antioxidants. Vegetables, green leafy vegetables and spices are the most important sources of antioxidants in the Indian diet and are consumed on a daily basis. In this study, eleven samples consisting of four vegetables (beet root, capsicum, tomato, carrot), five leafy vegetables (spinach, coriander, moringa, mint and curry leaves) and two spices (ginger and garlic) were studied to reveal the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant components. The qualitative analysis of the samples for phytochemicals revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and reducing sugars in most of the extracts. Total Phenolic content was determined in the methanol extracts by using Folin-Ciocalteu method and spinach was found to contain 80mg GAE/100gm. The enzymatic assay of peroxidase by continuous spectrophotometric rate determination was performed in which ginger was found to have the highest activity of 3.25units/100grams. Total antioxidant activity was found to be high in spinach with value of 0.60mg/100grams among the samples analyzed. Ascorbic acid content was found to be high in capsicum with 280mg/100g. Zinc which acts as mineral antioxidant and a cofactor of SOD enzyme was found to be high in beetroot with a value of 3.9mg/100g. Among the samples analyzed the antimicrobial activity was found to be high in ginger after measuring the zone of inhibition. The test was performed against gram negative bacteria E. coli strain. The work is aimed to evaluate the health beneficial properties of selected vegetables, leafy vegetables and spices in terms of their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  antioxidants, phytochemicals, phenolic content, antimicrobial activity

  References
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  Citation
  J. Guna Priya, K. Geetha Lakshmi, Niharika Sharma, D.Rajani, "A Comparative Study of Antioxidants and Antimicrobial activity in Vegetables, Leafy Vegetables and Spices," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.80-85, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  A Study on Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)Peroxidase Activityusing three medicinal plant leaf extracts

  Nikita Sharma, M. Sravani, S. Padma

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.86-88, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.8688

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  Abstract
  Peroxidases are a group of antioxidant enzymes which are widely distributed in nature and have been important both in plants and animals for variousphysiological processes. These enzymes utilize a wide variety of substrates to bring about the redox reactions. In the present study, peroxidase was partially purified from cabbage. In view of the diverse roles catalyzed by this enzyme, it was of interest to identify novel regulators of enzyme activity. Thus the activity of the enzyme was assayed in the presence and absence of three medicinal plant leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica(Neem), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi).and Murraya koenigii (Curry Leaves). These three leaf extracts are known for their medicinal properties and have been used in treating chronic diseases. Studies conducted revealed that all the plant leaf extracts inhibited the activity of peroxidase to a significant extent. Further studies need to be conducted to ascertain the significance of peroxidase inhibition

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Peroxidase, enzyme inhibition, medicinal plant leaf extract

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  [14]. Sushree Priyanka Dash, Sangita Dixit and SoubhagyalaxmiSahoo. Phytochemical and Biochemical Characterizations from Leaf Extracts from Azadirachta Indica: An Important Medicinal Plant, OMICS International, 10.4172/2161-1009.1000323,2017
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  [16]. Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in>bitstream. Shodhganga chapter V 129-148.
  

  Citation
  Nikita Sharma, M. Sravani, S. Padma, "A Study on Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)Peroxidase Activityusing three medicinal plant leaf extracts," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.86-88, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Isolation of Papain from leaf & latex of Papaya (Carica Papaya) and study of various factors affecting enzyme activity.

  B. Nandini Bala, A. Sai Padma

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.89-92, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.8992

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  Abstract
  Papain (EC 3.4.22.2) is an endolytic plant cysteine protease enzyme which is present in papaya (Carica papaya). Papain shows extensive proteolytic activity towards proteins, amino acid esters and amide links and its applications in the fields of food and medicine are ever emerging .The objective of this study was to extract papain enzyme from leaf & latex of Papaya plant by grinding and salt extraction methods using ammonium sulfate. The identification of papain was done using casein as substrate and enzyme concentration was determined using Lowry method. The enzyme activity from both sources of leaf and latex was shown optimum at 50 mM concentration of Casein and at pH 7.0 for leaf and pH 6.0 for latex papain. The optimum temperature for both leaf and latex papain was shown to be as 60o C. The leaf and latex papain have shown only marginal differences in their activities at various factors and this study provides an easy procedure for isolation and characterization of papain for various other purposes.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Papaya, latex, leaf, salt precipitation, casein

  References
  [1]. Uhlig, H., Industrial Enzymes and their Applications. 1st Edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York, ISBN-10: 0471196606, pp: 454. 1998.
  [2]. Beeley, J.A., H.K. Yip and A.G. Stevenson,. Chemochemical caries removal: A review of the techniques and latest developments. Br. Dent. J. 188: pp 427-30. 2000
  [3]. Mansfield, L.E., S. Ting, R.W. Haverly and T.J. Yoo,. The incidence and clinical implications of hypersensitivity to papain in an allergic population, confirmed by blinded oral challenge. Ann. Allergy., 55: pp 541-543. PMID: 4051260., 1985
  [4]. Meara, J.P. and D.H. Rich,. Mechanistic studies on the inactivation of papain by epoxysuccinyl inhibitors. J. Med. Chem., 39: pp 3357-3366. PMID: 8765519. , 1996
  [5]. Tsuge, H., T. Nishimura, Y. Tada, T. Asao and D. Turk et al.,. Inhibition mechanism of cathepsin L-specific inhibitors based on the crystal structure of papain CLIK148 complex. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 266: pp 411-416. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1830, 1999
  [6]. Huet , J., Y. Looze, K. Bartik, V. Raussens and R. Wintjens et al.,. Structural characterization of the papaya cysteine proteinases at low pH. Biochem. Biophysical Res. Commun., 341: pp 620-626. PMID: 16434027. 2006
  [7]. Mahmood K, Sidiki, Salmah . Pharmacognostic evaluation of Carica papaya. Int. J. Mol. Med. Adv. Sci: 4: 398-401. 2005
  [8]. Sarote N, Rajni H, Pawinee K Purification of papain from Carica papaya latex: Aqueous twophase extraction versus two-step salt precipitation. Enzyme and Microbial Technology: 39, pp 1103–1107. 2006..
  [9]. 9.Trivedi Vishal, Rathore RPS, Kamble R, Goyal M, and Singh N Pepsin, Papain and Hyaluronidase Enzyme Analysis: A Review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science, 3: 01-18, 2013.
  [10]. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., and Randall, R.J. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagen. J.Biol.Chem 193: pp. 265, 1951.
  

  Citation
  B. Nandini Bala, A. Sai Padma, "Isolation of Papain from leaf & latex of Papaya (Carica Papaya) and study of various factors affecting enzyme activity.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.89-92, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Extraction, Separation and Determination of Carotenoid content in Vegetables and Fruits

  A. Mounika, A. Sai Padma

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.93-95, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.9395

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  Abstract
  Carotenoids are a class of phytonutrients having important antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory benefits. Some carotenoids are converted by body to Vitamin A which is essential for vision, growth and proper development. Animals cannot synthesize carotenoids themselves and they have to get it in their diet through vegetables and fruits. The present study aims at providing public health awareness by measuring the levels of carotenoids in various fruits and vegetables and suggesting the best sources of these nutrients for their regular consumption. The isolation, estimation and separation of the compounds were based on solvent extraction, colorimetric and TLC methods. The experimental results here provide the amount of carotenes and xanthophylls (carotenoids) in the descending order as Carrots (Daucus carota) having 17.6mg/100g, Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 4.4mg/100g, Orange (Citrus sinenis) 1.8mg/100g, Red capsicum ( Capsicum annuum) 1.44mg/100g, Yellow capsicum (Capsicum annuum) 1.32mg/100g, Muskmelon (Cucumis memo)1.32mg/100g, Papaya (Carica papaya) 1.08mg/100g and Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus) 0.6mg/100g. The presented data indicates that Carrots are rich source and Sweet Potatoes are poor source of carotenoids from vegetables and fruits that were chosen for the study and provide useful information for human consumption.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  fruits and vegetables, carotenoids, solvent extraction, TLC

  References
  [1]. M Eggersdorfer, A Wyss, “Carotenoids in human nutrition and health”, Arch Biochem Biophys. Vol. 652, pp 18-26, 2018.
  [2]. EJ Johnson, “The role of carotenoids inhuman health”, Nutrition in Clinical Care, Issue 5(2), pp 56-65, 2002.
  [3]. J Mares, “Lutein and Zeaxanthin Isomers in Eye Health and Disease’, Annual Review of Nutrition, vol 36, pp 571–602, 2016.
  [4]. S Voutilainen, T Nurmi, J Mursu, TH Rissanen, “Carotenoids and cardiovascular health”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Jun;vol, 83(6), pp 1265-71, 2006
  [5]. B. L. Pool-Zobel, A. Bub, H. Müller, I. Wollowski, and G. Rechkemmer, “Consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans: first results of a human intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods,” Carcinogenesis, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 1847–1850, 1997 •
  [6]. R Goralczyk, “ Beta-carotene and lung cancer in smokers: review of hypotheses and status of research” Nutrition and Cancer, vol 61(6), pp 767-74, 2009.
  [7]. L. Jeyanthi Rebecca and S. Sharmila, “Extraction and purification of carotenoids from vegetables” ,vol 6(4), pp 594-598, 2014.
  [8]. EFSA. “Scientific opinion. Statement on the safety of β-carotene use in heavy smokers”. EFSA Journal, vol 10, pp 2953 , 2012.
  [9]. T Bohn, C Desmarchelier, LO Dragsted , CS Nielsen , W Stahl, R Rühl, J Keijer , P Borel , “ Host-related factors explaining interindividual variability of carotenoid bioavailability and tissue concentrations in humans” . Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 61, doi:10.1002/mnfr.201600685, 2017.
  

  Citation
  A. Mounika, A. Sai Padma, "Extraction, Separation and Determination of Carotenoid content in Vegetables and Fruits," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.93-95, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of Prodigiosin pigment for antimicrobial and insecticidal activities on selected bacterial pathogens & household pests.

  B. Sree Vani Sagar, B. Sai Deepak , G. Sai Tejaswini ,Y. Aparna, J. Sarada

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.0-0, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.00

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  Abstract
  Bacterial pigments are gaining commercial importance in various industries like food, textile, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other industries. Bacterial pigments are advantageous over others as they are cost effective and eco friendly. Prodigiosin has been reported to have many applications such as antibacterial, antifungal, tumor suppressor, antimalarial, antiprotozoal, immunosuppressive etc. due to its natural red pigmentation. Applications of prodigiosin prompts one to develop a cost-effective bioprocess for its production. Multi-facilitated potency of prodigiosin pigment produced by Serratia could be explored not only for antibacterial and antifungal but also as effective biocontrol agent in agriculture. Present study therefore aimed to obtain a potential isolate of Serratia for prodigiosin production. Evaluation of the pigment was carried out with four bacterial strains, two fungal plant pathogens and four insect pests. Peanut broth when inoculated with the isolate could yield maximum pigment production at 300C for 72hours. The extracted pigment purity was confirmed by the spectrophotometric method and also by TLC. Prodigiosin was observed to be effective against E.coli and Staphylococcus with an MIC value of 400 µg.However it had no impact on Pseudomonas and Bacillus cultures. When compared with the standard Nistatin, MIC of the pigment was observed as 80 µg. for Alternaria and for Fusarium MIC was observed at 160 µg. Insecticidal activity 100 % mortality was found against Cockroaches and tropical ants while 85 -71% was observed with termites and pyramid ants.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Serratia,anti microbial, antifungal, insecticidal, Prodigiosin

  References
  [1] Narsing Rao MP, Xiao M, Li W-J. Fungal and bacterial pigments: secondary metabolites with wide applications. Front Microbiol. Vol 8, pp 1113. 10.3389,2017
  [2] Heer K, Sharma S. Microbial pigments as a natural colour: a review. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 810.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(5).1913-22, 2017
  [3] Shirata A, Tsukamoto P, Yasui H, Hata T, Hayasaka S, Kojima A, and Kato H (2000) Isolation of bacteria producing bluish purple pigment and use of dyeingJARQ.Vol 34, pp 131-140
  [4] Lewis S.M., Corpe W. A. Prodigiosin-Producing Bacteria from Marine Sources. Appl. Microbiol.,;Vol 12,No 1,pp 13–17,1964.
  [5] D’Aoust J.Y., Gerber N.N. Isolation and purification of prodigiosin from Vibrio psychroerythrus. J. Bacteriol., Vol118,No 2,pp756–757,1974.
  [6] Khanafari A, Assadi M.M., Fakhr F.A. Review of Prodigiosin, Pigmentation in Serratia marcescens. J. Biol. Sci., Vol6 No 1, pp 1–13,2006.
  [7] Giri V. Anuradha, NandhiniAnandkumar, Geetha muthukumaran and Gautham pennathur() A novel medium for enhancing cell growth and production of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens isolated from soil, BMC Microbiol.Vol 4, pp11-18,2004.
  [8]Harris, A.K.P.; N.R.; Slater, H.;Cox, A.; Abbasi, S.;Foulds, I.;Simonsen, H.T.; Leeper, F.J.; Salmond, G.P.C. The Serratia gene cluster encoding biosynthesis of the red antibiotic, prodigiosin, shows species – dependent genome context variation. Microbiol, Vol150,pp3547-3560,2004.
  [9]Boger, D.L. and M.Patel. Total synthesis of prodigiosin, prodigiosene and desmethoxyprodigiosin: Diels-Alder reactions of hetero cyclic azidenes and development of an effective palladium (II)-promoted 2`2`-bipyrrole coupling procedure. J. Org. Chem., Vol 53, pp1405-1415, 1988.
  [10] Kobayashi N., Ichikawa Y. Separation of the prodigios in localizing crude vesicles which retain the activity of protease and nuclease in Serratia marcescens. Microbiol. Immunol.;Vol35,No8, pp 607–14,1991.
  [11] Patil N. G., Kadam M. S., Patil V. R. and Chincholkar S. B. Insecticidal properties of water diffusible prodigiosin produced by Serratia nematodiphila 213C. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy Vol. 7 pp 773-781 July 2013,
  [12] Martha Ingrid Gutiérrez-Román, Francisco Holguín-Meléndez, Michael F. Dunn, Karina Guillén-Navarro, Graciela Huerta-Palacios, Antifungal activity of Serratia marcescensCFFSUR-B2 purified chitinolytic enzymes and prodigiosin against Mycosphaerellafijiensis, causal agent of black Sigatoka in banana (Musaspp.), Vol 60, No 4, pp 565–572, 2015.
  [13] Darah Ibrahim1, TehFaridah Nazari1, Jain Kassim2, Sheh-Hong Lim Prodigiosin - An antibacterial red pigment produced by Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84 associated with a marine sponge Xestospongia testudinaria , Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 4 No 10, pp. 001-006, 2014
  [14] Phatake Y.B, Dharmadikari S.M MEvaluation of cytotoxic and anticancer activity of prodigiosin produced by Serratia Spp., Am. J. PharmTechRes.,Vol6, No3, 2016.
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  [20] Eloff, J.N. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta MedicaVol 64, pp 711-713, 1998.
  [21] M. Parmasivam and C.Selvi Laboratory bioassay methods to assess the insecticide toxicity against insect pests – A review. Journal of entomology and zoology studies. Vol 5, No 3, pp 1441-1445,2017
  [22] Mangesh V. Suryavanshi, Samadhan R. Waghmode, Nidhi Bharti, Prafulla B. Choudhari, Tejashri B. Hingamire, Yogesh S. ShoucheIsolation and virtual screening of antimicrobial prodigiosin pigment from oxalotrophic Serratia marcescens OX_R strain Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science Vol. 6 No 11, pp. 052-058, 2016.
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  [24] Goswami RS, Kistler HC. Heading for disaster: Fusarium graminearum on cereal crops. Molecular Plant Pathology. Vol 5, No 6, pp 515–25,2004.
  

  Citation
  B. Sree Vani Sagar, B. Sai Deepak , G. Sai Tejaswini ,Y. Aparna, J. Sarada, "Evaluation of Prodigiosin pigment for antimicrobial and insecticidal activities on selected bacterial pathogens & household pests.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.0-0, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts and biosynthesized nanoparticles for antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas biofilm

  S. Anju, P. Sai Gayathri, Sri Charani, K.N.S. Sushmitha, J. Sarada

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.0-0, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.00

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  Abstract
  Bacterial biofilms are surface attached community of bacteria embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. When a cell switches to the biofilm mode ,they undergo a phenotypic shift in behavior to acquire properties which enable their survival under unfavorable conditions and become drug resistant. P. aeruginosa represents a commonly used biofilm model organism since it is involved in different types of biofilm-associated infections like chronic wounds, chronic otitis media, chronic prostatitis and chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF). A major threat by biofilms is that bacteria in them benefit from enhanced shield against host immune responses and are distressingly more forbearing to various antimicrobial treatments. Treatment of biofilm infections is currently a difficult and complicated challenge for microbiologists and clinicians. Present study evaluates antibiofilm activity of plant extracts and green synthesized nanoparticles as biofilm inhibitory or dispersal agents on Psuedomonas biofilms.Among the extracts investigated ,Ginger ,Amla had maximum antibiofilm activity.However when these two extracts when compared for virulence factor reduction ,only Ginger extract was identified to be effective.Phytochemical analysis revealed that Ginger has quinones,alkaloids & saponins which are proven to be antibacterial agent.Among three metal nanoparticles ZnO nanoparticles were exhibiting antibiofilm activity. Efficacy of ZnO np were further enhanced by fabricating with ginger extract which has good antibacterial and antibiofilm activity.Combinatorial approach of treating drug resistant bacterial biofilms with natural plant extract depicting antibacterial and antibiofilm activity with metal nanoparticles were proven to be more effective .This study gives scope for further research for enhancing the efficacy of metal nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Psuedomonas ,Biofilm inhibition , Biofilm dispersion, Antimicrobial agents, Antibiofilm agents

  References
  [1]. Donlan RM, Costerton JW. Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev;vol.15, Issue. 2, pp167-93, 2002.
  [2]. Jesaitis AJ, Bleazard JB, Franklin MJ, Berglund D, Sasaki M, Lord CI, Bleazard JB, Duffy JE, Beyenal H, Lewandowski Z.Compromised host defense on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: Characterization of neutrophil and biofilm interactions. J Immunol; vol.171, Issue. 8,pp 4329-39,2003.
  [3]. Haussler, S., B. Tummler, H. Weissbrodt, M. Rohde, and I. Steinmetz. Small-colony variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. J Clin I Dis Vol.29, pp 621-625, 1999.
  [4]. M. R. Parsek.Alginate Overproduction Affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Structure and Function. J. BacteriolVol. 183, pp 5395-401, 2001.
  [5]. Parkins, M. D., H. Ceri, Pseudomonas aueroginosa GacA a factor in multihost virulence, is also essential for biofilm formation. Microbiol Vol.40,pp 1215-26, 2001.
  [6]. Rasamiravaka T., Labtani Q., Duez P., El Jaziri M. The formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a review of the natural and synthetic compounds interfering with control mechanisms. BioMed Research International;Vol.17,759348 . ,2015.
  [7]. M.J.Hajipour, K.M.Fromm, A.Akbar Ashkarran ,D.Jimenezde Aberasturi, I.R.Larramendi, T.Rojo,Vahid Serpooshan, Wolfgang J.Parak and Morteza Mahmoudi1, Antibacterial properties of inanoparticles. Trends in Biotechnology. ;Vol.30 Issue .10,pp 499–511, 2012.
  [8]. Pelgrift R. Y., Friedman A. J. Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. , Vol.65, Issue.13-14, pp 1803–1815, 2013.
  [9]. Sarada jonnalagadda, Uma kranthi deshabathini “Anti quorum sensing potential of moringa oleifera seed extract” International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Vol 8, Issue 1, 76-82, 2016.
  [10]. S.Anju and J.Sarada “Quorum sensing inhibiting activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Bacillus isolate”International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences ,Vol 6,Issue 1 ,47-53,2016.
  [11]. Prashant Tiwari, Bimlesh Kumar, Mandeep Kaur, GurpreetPrashant Tiwari, Bimlesh Kumar, Mandeep Kaur, Gurpreet Kaur, Harleen Kaur. Phytochemical screening and extraction: a review. Int Pharm Sci; Vol. 1, pp 98-106, 2011.
  [12]. Yoko Asahi1, Jiro Miura2, Tetsuya Tsuda3, Susumu Kuwabata3, Katsuhiko Tsunashima4, Yuichiro Noiri1,Takao Sakata5, Shigeyuki Ebisu1and Mikako Hayash Simple observation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm by scanning electron microscopy usingionic liquids AMB Express Vol.5, Issue 6,pp 2-9.2015
  [13]. Frølund B, Palmgren R, Keiding K, Nielsen PH, “Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin”, Water Res, Vol:30, pp1749–1758, 1996.
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  [15]. O. V. Kharissova, H. V. R. Dias, B. I. Kharisov, B. O. Pérez, and V. M. J. Pérez, The greener synthesis of nanoparticles Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 240–248, 2013.
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  Citation
  S. Anju, P. Sai Gayathri, Sri Charani, K.N.S. Sushmitha, J. Sarada, "Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts and biosynthesized nanoparticles for antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas biofilm," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.0-0, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Exploration of food preservation potential of Syzygium cumini and Actinidia deliciosa seed extracts

  S. Sudha Kiran, S. Shalini Devi

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.0-0, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.00

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  Abstract
  Food spoilage is any change in food which makes it inedible. It is a major challenge in retail and food service, hence proper processing and storage practices are required in food industry. The food manufacturers and processors have achieved high level food preservation through several advanced technologies. Food preservation using natural products of less economic importance has gained prominence in the recent times. In the present research work, Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) leaves, Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi) seed powder, Punica granatum (Pomegranate) seed powder, Allium sativum (Garlic) peel powder, Zingiber officinale (Ginger) peel powder, Syzygium cumini (black plum, jamun) seed powder, Citrus sinensis (Orange) peel powder, Allium cepa (Onion) powder, Trapa natans (water chestnut, singhara) peel powder were tested for its antimicrobial activity against four food spoilage organisms. Of all the products tested, water and ethanolic extracts of S. cumini and A. deliciosa seed powders showed maximum inhibition. The MIC of Syzygium cumini and Actinidia deliciosa seed extracts was determined by Agar well diffusion method. Stability of the extracts at various temperature and pH ranges were also evaluated. S.cumini and A. deliciosa seed extracts were incubated at various temperatures (37o C, 40o C, 50o C, 80o C, 121o C) and pH ranges (2, 4, 8, 10, 12). Syzygium cumini and Actinidia deliciosa were stable at different temperatures, and at different pH ranges only A.deliciosa was stable but not S.cumini. Tomato sauce was incubated with the effective seed extracts and checked for its food preservation efficiency.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Food spoilage, Natural Preservatives, Actinidia deliciosa, Syzygium cumini

  References
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  [10]. K. Sudha, D. Baskaran, B. Dhanalakshmi & T. R. Pugazhenthi , “Determination of antimicrobial activity of fruits”, International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science (IJMPS),Volume 7, Issue 5, October 2017.
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  Citation
  S. Sudha Kiran, S. Shalini Devi, "Exploration of food preservation potential of Syzygium cumini and Actinidia deliciosa seed extracts," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.0-0, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Screening of Acetamiprid Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Microorganism

  GSNR Tejaswini, S. Shalini devi

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.0-0, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.00

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Increased demands for food have also increased the usage of pesticides. A pesticide not only kills the pests and pathogens but it also kills microorganisms that are beneficial to plant. So plant growth promoting microorganisms that are tolerant to pesticides would help to enrich soil microorganisms thus protecting the environment. In the present work four soil samples were collected from agricultural fields where pesticide usage was a regular practice. Acetamiprid tolerant microbes were isolated by using acetamiprid amended minimal agar medium. Streptomyces AT (acetamiprid tolerant) isolate was isolated and its PGPR properties were evaluated. The isolate was found to posses properties like IAA secretion, phosphate solubilisation and siderophore production. Coriandrum sativum (coriander) was used as a model plant for evaluation of plant growth promoting properties of promising isolate, Streptomyces AT. The coriander seedlings were grown in soil inoculated with the AT1 isolate, Control plants were maintained by growing in un-inoculated soil. Root length, shoot length and number of plants were measured after 10 days of sowing. Out of 60 coriander seeds sown in each pot, 25 and 50 seeds got germinated in uninoculated and inoculated soils respectively. The average root length of plants grown in uninoculated and inoculated soils was recorded as 37mm and 59mm respectively. The average shoot length of plants grown in uninoculated and inoculated soils was recorded as 34mm and 64mm respectively.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Acetamiprid, Streptomyces AT, Coriandrum sativum, tolerance, plant growth promoting

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  Citation
  GSNR Tejaswini, S. Shalini devi, "Screening of Acetamiprid Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Microorganism," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.0-0, 2019