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• Open Access   Article

  Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Sunflower Seed Oil

  S.O. Oguche

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.1-3, Oct-2021

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  Edible oil is most often plant based oil, edible oil may be liquid at room temperature. It is suitable for food and cooking use. Sunflower seed are used to make oil, meal and confectionary products. Sunflower is one of the four major sources of edible oil worldwide and in Nigeria. Its oil quality is relatively flexible and has been adapted for many specific uses, but extended use of sunflower oil for industrial applications are difficult or impossible to obtain because vegetable oils are less stable chemically. One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming rancid. The commercial success of such industrial application depends on their physical and chemical parameters. The oil sample used for this work was extracted from the oil-type sunflower seeds by mechanical pressing method. The percentage yield of the oil was 41%. This Work examines some of its physicochemical parameters. The values obtained were 1.464 as refractive index (at 40°C), 324.00 ± 1.00°C as its flash point, 0.9157 ± 0.0002 of specific gravity, 0.36 ± 0.058mgKOH/g as acid value, 190.65 ± 1.41mgKOH/g as saponification value and 103.21 ± 1.47g/100g as iodine value. These parameters were analyzed using the standard procedure as described by Onwuka (2005). The result obtained indicates that the sunflower seed oil is better consumed as food rather than its uses as industrial product.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Physicochemical; Parameters; Sunflower; Seeds; Oils

  References
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  [2] P. Inna, "Agribusiness Handbook: Sunflower Crude and Refined Oils", VialedelleTeme di Caracalla, Rome, pp.19-23, 2010.
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  [11] G.I. Onwuka, "Food Analysis and Instrumentation Theory and Practice", Naphthali Prints. Nigeria, pp.33-37, 2005.

  Citation
  S.O. Oguche, "Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Sunflower Seed Oil," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.1-3, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Removal of Cr3+ From Tannery Wastewater Using Unmodified And Acid-Modified Arabica Coffee Husk Adsorbent

  Owino Charles O., Nthiga E.W., Gerald K. Muthakia, Douglas Onyancha

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.4-9, Oct-2021

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  Tannery effluent containing chromium is a major problem in leather industry. In Kenya, tannery effluent is discharged directly into the main domestic sewage system, making wastewater treatment plants more difficult to operate. Chromium has long been employed in tanning because of the outstanding characteristics it provides to the leather as well as its ease of use. Only 60% of the entire chromium salt reacts with the hides, though. In other words, around 40% of the chromium remains in the solid and liquid wastes. Subsequently, the removal and reuse of the chromium content of these wastewaters is vital for environmental protection and economic reasons. This study explored the potential for removal and recovery of chromium from tannery effluent using unmodified (UCH) and modified (MCH) coffee husk biomass adsorbents. The raw coffee husk was subjected to sulphuric acid treatment, followed by characterization using FTIR and SEM analysis. The effects of initial metal ion concentration, agitation time, dosage, and pH were investigated in batch experiments. Effluent was obtained from Dogbones tannery in Dandora, Nairobi and was subjected to adsorption process at optimum conditions. Batch adsorption tests on these coffee husks revealed that as the initial metal ion concentration increased, the adsorption of metal ions increased as well. At pH = 4.5, the highest metal uptake was recorded. Maximum percentage removal was 47.52 % and 69.3 % for the UCH and MCH, respectively. For the UCH and MCH, the adsorption equilibrium was attained after 25 minutes and 15 minutes, respectively. Optimum dose of 3 g was realized for the two adsorbents. The presence of hydroxyl, carboxylic, and carbonyl functional groups was detected using FTIR. The surface texture and morphology of the biosorbent were revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The findings imply that coffee husk, in both modified and unmodified forms, is a low-cost, ecologically acceptable biosorbent that can be used to remove chromium ions from tannery effluent and other industrial effluents.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Arabica coffee husk, Biosorption, chromium (III), adsorption efficiency, Tannery

  References
  [1] Kanamarlapudi, S.L.R.K., V.K. Chintalpudi, and S. Muddada. Application of Biosorption for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater. Journal of IntechOpen . pp 80-101, 2018
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  [4] El-Naggar, Ragaa A. H; Ibrahim E. M; Marwa S. A. H and Nashwa H. R. Biosorption optimization, characterization, immobilization and application of Gelidium amansii biomass for complete Pb2+ removal from aqueous solutions. Journal of Chemosphere, Vol 8, issue 1, pp. 13456, 2018.
  [5] Aranda-Garcia, E., Lilian M. B; Gabriela P. C and Eliseo C. U. Effect of pH, ionic strength, and background electrolytes on Cr(VI) and total chromium removal by acorn shell of Quercus crassipes Humb. & Bonpl. Journal of Springer International Publishing Switzerland, Vol 186, issue 10, pp. 6207-6214, 2014
  [6] Huang, K., Y. Xiu, and H. Zhu. Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by crosslinked mangosteen peel biosorbent. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol 12, issue 8, pp. 2485-2492, 2014.
  [7] Sahmoune, M.N., K. Louhab, and A. Boukhiar. Advanced biosorbents materials for removal of chromium from water and wastewaters. Journal of Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, Vol 30, issue 3, pp. 284-293, 2011
  [8] Kurniawan, A. T; Gilbert Y. S. C; Wai-hung. L; Sandhya B. Comparisons of low-cost adsorbents for treating wastewaters laden with heavy metals. Science of Total Environment Journal,. Vol 366, issue 2-3, pp. 409-26, 2006
  [9] Alemu, A., Brook L; Nigus G. Adsorption of chromium (III) from aqueous solution using vesicular basalt rock. Cogent Environmental Science, Vol 5, issue 1, 2019.
  [10] Atieh, M.A., Omer Y B; Bassam S. T; Alaadin A. B; Mazen K; Mamdouh A; Mohamed F and Faraj A. A. Removal of Chromium (III) from Water by Using Modified and Nonmodified Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of Nanomaterials, pp 1-9, 2010.
  [11] Netzahuatl-Munoz, A.R., C. Cristiani-Urbina Mdel, and E. Cristiani-Urbina. Chromium Biosorption from Cr(VI) Aqueous Solutions by Cupressus lusitanica Bark: Kinetics, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies. Publishing Library of Science Journal, Vol 10, issue 9, pp. 1 - 23, 2015.
  [12] Nthiga E. W; Jane M; Ahmed H. and Ruth W. Efficacy of Adsorption of Cu (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) Ions onto Acid Activated Watermelon Peels Biomass from Water. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Vol 5, issue 8, pp. 671-679, 2016.
  [13] Eneida Sala Cossich, C.R.G.T., Teresa Massako Kakuta Ravagnani. Biosorption of chromium (III) by Sargassum sp. biomass. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. Vol 5 issue 2, pp. 8. 2002.
  [14] Nthiga, E.W., Jane Murungi, Ruth Wanjau, Ahmed Hassanali. Application of chemically modified avocado seed for removal of Copper (II), Lead (II) and Cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solutions. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol 6, issue 8, pp. 15, 2016.
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  [19] Rezaei, H. Biosorption of chromium by using Spirulina sp. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Vol 9, issue 6, pp. 846-853, 2016.
  [20] Ko?ody?ska, D., J. Krukowska, and P. Thomas. Comparison of sorption and desorption studies of heavy metal ions from biochar and commercial active carbon. Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol 307, pp. 353-363, 2017.
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  [22] Godlewska, K., K. Marycz, and I. Michalak. Freshwater green macroalgae as a biosorbent of Cr(III) ions. Journal of Open Chemistry, Vol 16, issue 1, pp. 689-701, 2018.
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  [24] Cheruiyot, G.K., Wycliffe C. W; Joyce K and Esther M. Adsorption of toxic crystal violet dye using coffee husks: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics study. Journal of Scientific African, Vol 5, issue 2-10, 2019.
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  Citation
  Owino Charles O., Nthiga E.W., Gerald K. Muthakia, Douglas Onyancha, "Removal of Cr3+ From Tannery Wastewater Using Unmodified And Acid-Modified Arabica Coffee Husk Adsorbent," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.4-9, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of Renoprotective Potential of Plantain (Musa parasidiaca) Stem Juice on Rat Model Diabetes

  S.O. Oguche

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.10-14, Oct-2021

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  The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the world is increasing. Hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can increase the risk of complications in various organs, one of which is chronic renal failure because symptoms of type 2 diabetes, unlike type 1 diabetes, do not occur, the screening methods for identifying kidney involvement is very important. In chronic renal failure, a decline in kidney function is chronic, resulting in increase of the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine in the blood. A level of BUN and creatinine serum is use as a parameter of kidney function tests. Plant-derived medicinal products have attracted the attention of scientists around the world for many years due to their minimum side effects and positive effects on human health hence the choice of plant used in the present study. 35 healthy Albino (Wister strain) were obtained and grouped into seven. The results obtained from sub-diabetic and diabetic rats both treated with 250mg/kg/bw and 500mg/kg/bw respectively when compared with diabetic control, plantain stem juice shows a lowering effect on the blood creatinine and BUN concentration. The effect of the stem juice of Musa paradisiaca suggests that it can be useful in controlling creatinine and BUN concentration in diabetics and will serve as a better alternative to synthetic drugs.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Diabetes; BUN; Creatinine; Alloxan; Musa parasidiaca; Rats

  References
  [1] K.P. Kumar, D. Bhowmi, S. Duraivel, M. Umadevi, "Traditional and Medicinal Uses of Banana", Journal of Oncol. Pharm. Pract, Vol.1, pp.51-63, 2012.
  [2] S. Puspitasari, A. Andika, "Relationship Between Renal Function Test Serum and Lipid Profile in Patient with Diabetes Mellitus", Journal of Physics, Vol.1114, Issue.1, pp.1-2, 2018.
  [3] D.S.S. Barbosa, I.B. Sarmento, T.C.L. Bargut, V. Souza-mello, M.B. Aquila, D.C.A. Mandarim, "Animal Model of Nutritional Induction of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus", International Journal of Morphology, Vol.32, Issue.1, pp.279-280, 2014.
  [4] M.A. Mya, T.A. Hnin, M.S. Myint, A.Chabaco, "A Review on the Phytochemistry, Medicinal Properties and Pharmacological Activities of 115 Selected Myanmar Medicinal Plants" Molecules, Vol.24, pp.293-294, 2019.
  [5] P. Singh, "Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles by Using Aloe Vera Plant Extract", International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.1-3, 2019.
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  Citation
  S.O. Oguche, "Evaluation of Renoprotective Potential of Plantain (Musa parasidiaca) Stem Juice on Rat Model Diabetes," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.10-14, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Toxicity Study and in silico ADME of some selected Anti-HIV agents inhibitors

  S.U Ahanonu, G.A. Shallangwa, Y.A. Dallatu, A. Ibrahim

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.15-18, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  Quantitative structural and cytotoxicity relationship (QSCR) has been carried out on twenty pyrindine-4-carboxylate derivatives using genetic function approximation combined with multiple linear regression (GFA-MLR). The following results were obtained by GFA-MLR using three descriptors AATS6i, MAT57e and TDB9s; R-squared, R2 = 0.888666, Adjusted R-squared, R2adj= 0.855266, cross validated R-squared, LOO-Q2CV = 0.710242, Y-randomization, cR2p = 0.793663 and external prediction, R2prediction = 0.8184. Their physiochemical properties are in agreement with a rule given by Lipinski’s rule and results of molecular weight ? 500 daltons, hydrogen acceptors of ? 10, hydrogen bond donors of ? 5 and octanol water partition coefficient ? 5 were obtained. This research provides an understanding on new HIV drugs with reduced toxicity and greater effectiveness.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Anti-HIV agents, Toxicity, Validation, Y- randomization, GFA-MLR

  References
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  [2]. A.S.Ugochukwu, , G. A. Shallangwa, A. Uzairu., “Quantum and statistical study for evaluating the cytotoxicity ability of some pyrazole derivatives as potent Anti HIV-1 agents inhibitors, “International journal of New Chemistry, Vol. 8 Issue. 2, pp. 131-141, 2021.
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  Citation
  S.U Ahanonu, G.A. Shallangwa, Y.A. Dallatu, A. Ibrahim, "Toxicity Study and in silico ADME of some selected Anti-HIV agents inhibitors," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.15-18, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Experimental Authentication of Common Nigerian Consumer Food Products Reveals Absence of Food Fraud in Branded Products

  D.O. Apeh, A. Negedu, V.O. Onoja, M. Ogala

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp.19-22, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  Food adulteration is the act of addition or removal of valuable food components or substitution of these valuable ingredients with relatively cheaper substances for unfair economic gain. Adulterated foods affect consumers in different ways, such as lack of the expected food nutrients, being unsafe and it constitutes economic loss to the consumers. Several foods are susceptible to adulteration in Nigeria and the world at large, including milk, meat, wheat flour, honey, butter, juices, and sugar. In this study, chemical methods were used to determine the presence of adulterants in wheat flour (Honey Well brand), condensed milk (unbranded) and butter (Simas brand) consumed in Nigeria. The tests assayed for the presence of starch in milk, sand/ dirt, barn and chalk powder in wheat flour, and potato in butter. The results showed that none of the branded products were adulterated, but condensed milk (unbranded) showed the presence of starch. This is an indication that enforcement of compliance by the National Agency for Food Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) in the food industries is impactful, and also there is corresponding compliance.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Adulteration, Fraud, Condensed Milk, Wheat flour, Butter

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  Citation
  D.O. Apeh, A. Negedu, V.O. Onoja, M. Ogala, "Experimental Authentication of Common Nigerian Consumer Food Products Reveals Absence of Food Fraud in Branded Products," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.5, pp.19-22, 2021