Volume-7 , Issue-4 , Apr 2021, ISSN 2454-9312 (Online), 2454-6143 (Print) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Confidence Interval Estimation Model of the Theocratic Governmental Restoration

  S.L. Nemenzo

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.1-10, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Human suffering that leads to disappointment opted people to search for a better form of government and finds reasons to believe that it is possible. Motivated by that reason, this study attempts to construct the year interval estimation model of Theocratic governmental restoration by using historical and purposive content analysis of the Bible through conflation structure analogy expert-judgment. The first finding reveals that the form of government before the event of the rebellion of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden was the initial stage of the Theocratic form of government. The second finding shows that their rebellion is the fundamental reason of human suffering. The third significant finding depicts that God allows humankind’s independent governments only for 6000 years from the year of Adam’s rebellion. The fourth finding explains that the restoration of Theocratic government brings restoration of human perfection within 1000 years. Lastly, the model of Theocratic governmental restoration with respect to time is constructed with a representation of two parts such as the 6000 years after the year of Adam’s rebellion, which will take place in the year interval of [1975 C.E. ? 2105 C.E] or [2021.5 C.E. ? 2034 C.E.] and the 1000 year of the Christ’ reign for restoration towards perfection, which will take place in the year [2975 C.E. ? 3105 C.E.] or [3021.5 C.E. ? 3034 C.E.]. It establishes visualization of hope for those people who are disappointed with the world’s current system.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Estimation Model, Theocratic Government, Restoration

  References
  [1] J.A. Ocampo, “Just Security in an Undergoverned World,” Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, pp. 3-13, 2018.
  [2] H. Kahn, “World Economic Development: 1979 and Beyond,”Routledge, USA, pp. 59-70, 2019.
  [3] W. T. Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, “Will We Ever Feel Safe and Secure,” Awake!, No. 1, pp. 1-5, 2019.
  [4] M. Zuckerman, C. Li, E. Diener, “Religion as an exchange system: The interchangeability of God and government in a provider role,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 44, Issue. 8, pp. 1201-1213, 2018.
  [5] G. Sher, “In Search of a Substantive Theory of Truth,” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 101, No. 1, pp. 5-36, 2004.
  [6] D. H. Dunn, “Exiled from Eden An Exegesis of Genesis 3,” Acadamia, pp. 1-20, 2018.
  [7] K.R. Hughes, “Genesis: Beginning and Blessing,” Crossway Book, Wheaton, Illinois, pp.17-18, 2004.
  [8] W. T. Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, “Lesson You Can Learn from the Bible,” Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, USA, pp. 10-15; 237-239, 2017.
  [9] P.W. Khan, “Out of Eden: Adam and Eve and The Problem of Evil,” Princeton University Press, New Jersey, pp. 12, 2009.
  [10] B. Becking, “Out of Paradise: Eve and Adam and their interpreters,” Sheffield Phoenix Press, pp. 8-13, 2011.
  [11] P. Shonebarger, “Bible prophecy: what did jesus, daniel, ezekiel, paul, and john teach about the end-times?,” Zondervan Bible publishers, pp. 5, 2015.
  [12] W. T. Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, “Say, What Does this 1975 Mean?,” Proclaimers, New York, USA, pp. 104-105, 1993.
  [13] D.N.P. Tyron, “Biblical Concepts of Restoration as a Foundation for Lifestyle Change," The Journal of Biblical Foundations of Faith and Learning, Vol. 3 : Issue 1 , Article 28, pp. 1, 2018.
  [14] E.G. White, “The great controversy,” Devoted Publishing Ontario Inc., Canada, pp. 156, 2017.
  [15] J. Kirsch, “A History of the End of the World: How the most controversial book in the Bible changed the course of western civilization,” HarperCollins, New York, pp. 215 , 2006.
  [16] D. A. Rivera and SQ Swan Sosiety, “Final warning: A history of the new world order,”InteliBooks Publishin, USA, pp. 503-511, 1997.
  [17] A. May, “Isaac Newton: Scientist,” Cavendish Square Publishing, New York, pp. 88-89, 2017.
  [18] D.K. Bonello, Y. Iano, U.B. Neto, "Representation of a Gradient for Scalar Electromagnetic Field in MATLAB using Differential Operators," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.10-14, 2020.
  [19] W. T. Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, “Chronology,” Insight. Vol. 1, pp. 459-464, 2018.
  [20] W. T. Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, “What Does the Bible Really Teach?,” Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, pp. 215-218, 2014.
  [21] W. T. Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, “What Can the Bible Teach Us?,” Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, pp. 217-220, 2015.

  Citation
  S.L. Nemenzo, "Confidence Interval Estimation Model of the Theocratic Governmental Restoration," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.1-10, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Entropy and the Figure of the Posthuman in a Closed System in The Passenger (1975) and Solaris (1972)

  S. Kushwaha

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.11-16, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Earth’s relationship to humanity was transformed post the second World War leading to a change in the way cinema interacted with the space of the Earth and its inhabitants. Through the increasing disorder in a closed system, entropy, the second law of thermodynamics and the notion of the posthuman, this paper demonstrates how the relationship between the human, the nonhuman and earth has been inevitably transformed. Through the emerging figure of a human, a negentropic force that counters the increasing entropy of the universe, this paper questions the figure of the posthuman and expands upon our notions of what being human and becoming human comprise of. This paper negotiates the ever-shifting boundaries of the ontological and phenomenological understanding of human and the nonhuman through two films, i.e, Michelangelo Antonioni’s The Passenger and Andrei Tarkovsky’s Solaris. Through the relationship of the self to the other and towards itself, the paper will be examining how the self locates itself against and in tandem with the objects, entities and events surrounding it.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Component, Formatting, Style, Styling, Insert (key words)

  References
  [1] P. Billard, “L’idea mi viene attraverso le immagini,” Antonioni, Fare un film eperme vivefe : scritti sul cinema, Marsilio, Italy, 1994.
  [2] R. Braidotti, “The Posthuman.” John Wiley & Sons, USA, 2013.
  [3] P.Brunette, “The Films of Michelangelo Antonioni.” Cambridge University Press, USA, 1998.
  [4] D. Haraway, “Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature,” Free Association Books, UK, 1991.
  [5] N.K, Hayles, “How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics,” University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA1999.
  [6] G. Deleuze, “Cinema 2: The Time-Image.” translated by Hugh Tomlinson, Robert Galeta, Continuum, UK, 2005.
  [7] W. Gibson, “Neuromancer,” Ace Books, USA, 1984.
  [8] M. Geier, “Stanislaw Lem’s Fantastic Ocean: Toward a Semantic Interpretation of Solaris,” Translated by Edith Welliver. Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp.192-218, 1992.
  [9] A. Ongaro, “Una ricerca nel profondo” in Antonioni, Fare un film eperme vivefe, Marsilio, Italy, 1994.
  [10] M. Nardelli, “The Sprawl of Entropy: Cinema, waste, and obsolescence in the 1960s and 1970s,” NECSUS European Journal of Media Studies, Vol 13, No. 2,pp. 431-466, 2013.
  [11] N. Mark. ed. “Error: Glitch, Noise and Jam in New Media Cultures,” New York: Continuum Books, USA, 2011.
  [12] L. Rascaroli, J.D. Rhodes, “Antonioni: Centenary Essays,” Palgrave Macmillan,UK, 2011.
  [13] R. Smithson, “The Collected Writings,” Edited by Jack Ram, University of California Press, USA, 1996.
  [14] Solaris. Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky. Distributed by Viacheslav Tarasov, Mosfilm production, 1972.
  [15] Tarkovsky, “Time Within Time: The Diaries 1970–1986,” Translated by Kitty Hunter-Blair, Seagull Books, USA, 1991.
  [16] The Passenger. Directed by Antonioni. Distributed by United Artists, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer production, 1975.
  [17] Woman in the Dunes. Directed by Hiroshi Teshigahara. Distributed by Toho films, Teshigahara Production, 1964.

  Citation
  S. Kushwaha, "Entropy and the Figure of the Posthuman in a Closed System in The Passenger (1975) and Solaris (1972)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.11-16, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Utilization of Remote Sensing and GIS in Geology and Mining

  Thomas. U. Omali

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.17-24, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Reliable mapping and estimation of a region`s geological characteristics is essential in monitoring and managing its mineral deposits. The traditional method of achieving this depends on the in-situ or ground-based survey, which has a significant degree of limitations. However, geospatial technology can play an enhanced role in this context. Therefore, this article`s focal point is to systematically review Remote Sensing and GIS utilization in geology and mining. Data search was conducted systematically in December 2020 to collect research papers published between 2010 and 2020. A total of 1,921 publications were retrieved, of which 100 met the inclusion criteria for the review. The eligible articles were further classified and discussed, considering their emphasis on geology and mining. This emphasis covers geological mapping, structural geology, lithological classification, exploration geology, alteration assessment, extraction of mineral deposits, and monitoring of environmental consequence of mining. Finally, this article demonstrates Remote Sensing`s suitability in the mineral sector as evidenced by its prospect to discriminate the rocks and minerals` spectral signature. Also, GIS is suitable for managing various data linked to geology and mining.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  lineament, mapping, mineral, satellite imagery, spectral

  References
  [1] F.P. Carvalho, “Mining industry and sustainable development: time for change,” Food Energy Secuity, Vol.6, pp.61–77, 2017.
  [2] S. Mondal, D., Chakravarty, J., Bandayopadhyay, “Application of GIS techniques for assessment of changes in land use pattern and environmental impact of mines over a small part of Keonjhar District of Orissa,” IOSR J. Res. Meth. Edu., Vol.2, Issue.2, pp.49-62, 2013.
  [3] R.K. Jade, “Remote Sensing and GIS-enabled approach for environmental impact assessment in the mining industry,” Int. J. Eng. Tech. Sci. Res., Vol.4, Issue.11, pp.1146-1152, 2017.
  [4] J. Suh, S-M. Kim, H. Yi, Y. Choi, “An Overview of GIS-based modelling and assessment of mining-induced hazards: soil, water, and forest,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, Vol.14, p.1463, 2017. (18 pages)
  [5] D. O`Connor, D. Hou, Y.S. Ok, J. Mulder, L. Duan, Q. Wu, S. Wang, F.M.G. Tack, J. Rinklebe, “Mercury speciation, transformation, and transportation in soils, atmospheric flux, and implications for risk management: A critical review,” Environ. Int. Vol.126, pp.747–761, 2019.
  [6] P.H. Kamble, J.S. Kumbhar. “An Overview of Impact of Coal Mining On Water Resources,” International journal of multidisciplinary studies. Vol.5, Issue.12, pp.115-121, 2019.
  [7] L.I. Fang-fang, “Design and research of mineral resource verification system based on 3s technology,” Procedia of Environmental Sciences, Vol.12, pp.1030–1033, 2012.
  [8] A. Yong, S.E. Hough, B.R. Cox, E.M. Rathje, J. Bachhuber, “Seismic-zonation of Port- au-Prince using pixel- and object-based imaging analysis methods on ASTER GDEM,” Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol.77, Issue.9, pp.909-921, 2011.
  [9] C. Gei, H. Taubenbck, M. Wurm, T. Esch, M. Nast, “Remote Sensing-based characterization of settlement structures for assessing the local potential of district heat,” Remote Sens., Vol.3, Issue.7, pp.1447-1471, 2011.
  [10] H.A. Alanazi, H.A. Ghrefat, “Spectral analysis of multispectral Landsat 7 and ASTER data for mapping land cover at QurayahSabkha, Northern Saudi Arabia,” Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol.41, Issue.4, pp.833-844, 2013.
  [11] A. Madani, B. Niyazi, “Groundwater potential mapping using remote sensing techniques and weights of evidence GIS model: a case study from WadiYalamlam basin, Makkah Province, Western Saudi Arabia,” Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol.74, Issue.6, pp.1-14, 2015.
  [12] T. Woldai, “Application of remotely sensed data and GIS in assessing the impact of mining activities on the environment, 17th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey- IMCET2001,” International Institute for Aerospace Survey & Earth Sciences (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands, pp.71-83, 2012.
  [13] S. Asadzadeh, D.S. Roberto, “A review of spectral processing methods for geological Remote Sensing,” Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. Vol.47, pp.69–90, 2016.
  [14] R.A. Asiyanbola, “Remote Sensing in developing country-Nigeria: An Exploration,” Journal of Geography and Geology, Vol.1, pp.110-128, 2014.
  [15] M. Sorek-Hamer, A.C. Just, I. Kloog, “The use of satellite Remote Sensing in epidemiological studies,” Curr. Opin. Pediatr., Vol.28, Issue.2, pp.228–234.
  [16] Waghmare, B., Suryawanshi, M., 2017.A “Review- Remote Sensing,” Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application, Vol.7, Issue.6, (Part 2), pp.52-54, 2016.
  [17] A. Joseph, O. Bamidele, “Application of Remote Sensing method for geological interpretation of Sokoto Plain, Nigeria,” South African Journal of Geomatics, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.360 -371, 2018.
  [18] M.A. Oyinloye, O. Kufoniyi, “Analysis of Land Use, Land Cover, and urban expansion in Akure, Nigeria. Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Sciences, Vol.2, Issue.4, pp.234–248, 2011.
  [19] S.A. Adefioye, “Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover pattern along the River Benue channel in Adamawa State, Nigeria,” Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol.2, Issue.5, pp.95-107, 2013.
  [20] N. Verde, G. Mallinis, M. Tsakiri-Strati, “CharalamposGeorgiadis 3 and Petrospatias 1 assessment of radiometric resolution impact on Remote Sensing data classification accuracy,” Remote Sens., 10, pp.1267, 2018. (17 pages).
  [21] G.W. Nagel, E.M. Novo, M. Kampel, “Nanosatellites applied to optical Earth observation: a review,” Rev. Ambient. Água, Vol.15, Issue.3, pp.2513, 2020 (19 pages)
  [22] A.I. Kankara, “Monitoring natural resources using remote sensing techniques: current situation in Kaduna and Katsina States Nigeria,” Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. Vol.3, Issue.1, pp.31-34, 2013.
  [23] J. Cardoso-Fernandes, A.C. Teodoro, A. Lima, M. Perrotta, E., Roda-Robles, “Detecting Lithium (Li) Mineralizations from Space: current research and future perspectives,” Appl. Sci., Vol.10, pp.1785, 2020 (22 pages)
  [24] F.D. Van der Meer, H.M.A. Van der Wer, F.J.A. Van Ruitenbeek, C.A. Hecker, W.H. Bakker, M.F. Noomen, M. Van der Meijde, E.J.M. Carranza, J.B.D. Smeth, T. Woldai, “Multi- and hyper-spectral geologic remote sensing: A review,” Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., Vol.14, pp.112–128, 2012.
  [25] R. RajanGirija, S. Mayappan, “Mapping of mineral resources and lithological units: A review of remote sensing techniques,” Int. J. Image Data Fusion, Vol.10, pp.79–106, 2019.
  [26] A.B. Poura, Y. Parka, T-Y. S. Parka, J.K. Honga, M. Hashimb, J. Wooa, I. Ayoobic “Regional geology mapping using satellite-based remote sensing approach in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica,” Polar Science Vol.16, pp.23–46, 2018.
  [27] E. Charou, M. Stefouli, D. Dimitrakopoulos, E. Vasiliou, O.D. Mavrantza, “Using Remote Sensing to assess the impact of mining activities on land and water resources,” Mine Water Environ, Vol.29, pp.45–52, 2010.
  [28] H.C. Merrett, W.W. Chen, “Applications of geographical information systems and remote sensing in natural disaster hazard assessment and mitigation in Taiwan,” Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, Vol.4, Issue.2, pp.145-163, 2013.
  [29] A. Abdullah, S. Nassr, A. Ghaleeb, “Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for Fault Segments Mapping a Study from Taiz Area, Yemen,” Journal of Geological Research, Article ID 201757, 2013. (16 pages).
  [30] T.U. Omali, K. Umoru, “A survey of Remote Sensing and GIS integration method,” International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management & Applied Science. Vol.VIII, Issue.I, pp.27-35, 2019.
  [31] I.G. Vovk, “Mathematical modelling in applied geoinformatics. Bulletin of SSGA, Vol.1, Issue.17, pp.94–103, 2012.
  [32] G. Zhou, Q. Pan, T. Yue, Q. Wang, H. Sha, et al.,. “Vector and raster data storage based on Morton code,” The ISPRS, XLII-3, ISPRS TC III Mid-term Symposium "Developments, Technologies and Applications in Remote Sensing", 7–10 May, Beijing, China, pp.2523-2526, 2018.
  [33] S.M. Hassan, M.F. Sadek, “Geological mapping and spectral-based classification of basement rocks using remote sensing data analysis: The Korbiai-Gerfnappe complex, South Eastern Desert, Egypt,” Journal of African Earth Sciences Vol.13. Issue.4, pp.404-418, 2017.
  [34] K. Nikolakopoulos, P. Tsombos, A. Photiades, P. Psonis, A. Zervakou, “Using remote sensing multispectral data and GIS techniques for the geological mapping of Halki Island,” Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, Vol.47, pp.1500-1509, 2013.
  [35] A. Ezabti, V. Jovanovi?, “GIS and Remote Sensing application in geological mapping and 3-d terrain modelling: a case study in Eghei uplift, Libya: Synthesis,” International Scientific Conference of Information Technology and Business-Related Research, pp.615-619, 2015. DOI: 10.15308/Synthesis-2015-615-619
  [36] K.A. Almalki, R.A. Bantan, H.I. Hashem, O.A. Loni, M.A. Ali, “Improving geological mapping of the Farasan Islands using Remote Sensing and ground-truth data,” Journal of Maps, Vol.13, Issue.2, pp.900-908, 2017.
  [37] Z. Ruisi, Z. Min, C. Jianping, “Study on geological structural interpretation based on Worldview-2 Remote Sensing image and its implementation,” ProcediaEnvironmental Sciences, Vol.10, pp.653 – 659, 2011.
  [38] N. Sulaksana, A.H. Hamdani, “The Analysis of Remote Sensing Imagery for Predicting Structural Geology in Berau Basin East,” International Journal of Science and Research, Vol.3, Issue.4, pp.18-21, 2014.
  [39] M. Brandmeier, Y. Chen, “Lithological classification using multi-sensor data and convolutional neural networks,” The ISPRS, Volume XLII-2/W16, 2019.
  [40] A. Razaei, H. Hossein, M. Parviz, G. Abbas, “Lithological mapping in Sangan region in Northeast Iran using ASTER satellite data and image processing methods,” Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, Vol.4, Issue.1, pp.59–70, 2020.
  [41] R. Amer, T. Kusky, A. Ghulam, “Lithological mapping in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt using ASTER data,” Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol.56, pp.75–82, 2010.
  [42] J.C. Mars, L.C. Rowan, “ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonate volcano, Afghanistan,” Geosphere, Vol.7, pp.276–289, 2011.
  [43] S. Ahmed, B. Amin, “Lithological mapping and hydrothermal alteration using Landsat 8 data: a case study in Arab mining district, Red Sea Hills, Sudan,” Int. J. Basic and Applied. Sci., Vol.3, Issue.3, pp.199–208, 2014.
  [44] F. Masoumi, T. Eslamkish, A.A. Abkar, M. Honarmand, J. Harris, “Integration of spectral, thermal, and textural features of ASTER data using random forests classification for lithological mapping,” Journal of African Earth Science, Vol.129, pp.445–457, 2017.
  [45] S. Rekhibi, M. Wadi., A. Said, “Remote Sensing and GIS techniques for gold exploration,” Int`l Conf. on Advances in Science, Engg., Technology & Natural Resources (ICASETNR-15), Kota Kinabalu (Malaysia) Aug. pp.27-28, 2015.
  [46] A.N.H. Hede, K. Koike, K. Kashiwaya, S. Sakurai, R. Yamada, D. Singer, “How can satellite imagery be used for mineral exploration in thick vegetation areas? ,” Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., Vol.18, pp.584–596, 2017.
  [47] R. Poormirzaee, M.M. Oskouei, “Use of spectral analysis for detection of alterations in ETM data, Yazd, Iran,” ApplGeomatics., Vol.2, pp.147–154, 2010.
  [48] M. Safari, A. Maghsodi, A. Pour, “Application of Landsat-8 and ASTER satellite remote sensing data for porphyry copper exploration: a case study from Shahr-e Babak, Kerman, South of Iran,” Geocarto International, Vol.33, Issue.11, pp.1186-1201, 2017.
  [49] F. Yenilmez, N. Kuter, M.K. Emil, A. Aksoy, “Evaluation of pollution levels at an abandoned coal mine site in Turkey with the aid of GIS,” Int. J. Coal Geol., Vol.86, pp.12–19, 2011.
  [50] M.E.D. Chaves, M.C.A. Picoli, L.D. Sanches, “Recent applications of Landsat 8/OLI and Sentinel-2/MSI for land use and land cover mapping: A systematic review”, Remote Sens., Vol.12, Issue.18, pp.3062, 2020. (39 pages).
  [51] S. Asadzadeh, C.R. Filho, “A review on spectral processing methods for geological remote sensing,” Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., Vol.47, pp.69–90, 2016.
  [52] R. Girija, S. Mayappan, “Mapping of mineral resources and lithological units: A review of remote sensing techniques,” Int. J. Image Data Fusion, Vol.10, pp.79–106, 2019.
  [53] A.A. Alabi, “Geology and environmental impact assessment and benefit of granitic rocks of minna area, northwestern Nigeria,” Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol.4, pp.39-45 2011
  [54] G.N. Sambo, M. Adegbe, E.A. Onimisi, “Petrochemistry of Granitic Rocks in Gwada, North Central Nigeria,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.32-38, 2020.
  [55] J. Sandra, B. Benjamin, G. Richard, B. Christoph, A.E. Hassan, G. Khaled El, “Remote sensing based improvement of the geological map of the Neoproterozoic Ras Gharib segment in the Eastern Desert (NE-Egypt) using texture features,” J. Afr. Earth Sci., Vol.111, pp.138-147, 2015.
  [56] F. Al-Nahmia, O. Saddiqia, A. Hilalia, H. Rhinanea, L. Baiddera, H. El Arabia, K. Khanbarib, “Application of remote sensing in geological mapping, case study Al Maghrabah Area – Hajjah Region, Yemen,” ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume IV-4/W4, 4th International GeoAdvances Workshop, 14–15 October 2017, Safranbolu, Karabuk, Turkey
  [57] B. Zoheir, A. Emam, “Integrating geologic and satellite imagery data for highresolution mapping and gold exploration targets in the south eastern desert, Egypt. ,” J. Afr. Earth Sci., Vol.66–67, pp.22–34, 2012.
  [58] S.S. Gabr, S.M. Hassan, M.F. Sadek, “Prospecting for new gold-bearing alteration zones at El-Hoteib area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt, using remote sensing data analysis,” Ore Geol. Rev., Vol.71, pp.1–13, 2015.
  [59] S. Noda, Y. “Yamaguchi, Estimation of surface iron oxide abundance with suppression of grain size and topography effects,” Ore Geol. Rev., Vol.83, pp.312–320, 2017.
  [60] A.A. Oyawale, F.O. Adeoti, T.R. Ajayi, A.A. Omitogun, “Applications of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) in regional lineament mapping and structural analysis in Ikare Area, Southwestern Nigeria,” J. Geol. Min. Res. Vol.12, Issue.1, pp.13-24, 2020.
  [61] E.A. Onimisi, I. Goro, O. Olayinka, S. Sambo, I. Mustapha, “Lithofacies characterization and depositional environment of the MaastrichtianEnagi Formation in the Northern Bida Basin, Northwest Nigeria,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.8, Issue.1, pp.65-72, 2020.
  [62] A.A. Syed, A. Umair, “Litho-structural mapping of sind catchments (Kashmir Basin), Northwest Himalaya, using Remote Sensing & GIS techniques,” International Journal of Science and Research, Vol.4, Issue.7, pp.1325-1330, 2015.
  [63] S.M. Hassan, M.F. Sadek, R.O. Greiling, “Spectral analyses of basement rocks in El-Sibai-Umm Shaddad area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt using ASTER thermal infrared data,” Arab. J. Geosci. Vol.8, Issue.9, pp.6853–6865, 2015.
  [64] M.W. Ali-Bik, S.M. Hassan, M.A. Abou El Maaty, S.H. Abd El Rahim, S.D. Abayazeed, W. Wahab, “The late Neoproterozoic Pan-African low-grade metamorphic ophiolitic and island-arc assemblages at Gebel Zabara area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: petrogenesis and remote sensing-Based geologic mapping,” J. Afri. Earth Sci. Vol.144, pp.17–40, 2018.
  [65] Y. Desheng, C. Gang, L. Xiaoping, “Application of geological interpretation and mineralization information extracting by remote-sensing in mineral resource evaluating,” J. Editorial Board of HPU (National Science), Vol.29, pp.184-189, 2010.
  [66] F.A. Kruse, S.L. Perry. “Mineral Mapping Using Simulated Worldview-3 Short-Wave-Infrared Imagery”, Remote Sens., Vol.5, pp.2688-2703, 2013.
  [67] A. Eisele, I. Lau, R. Hewson, D. Carter, B. Wheaton, C. Ong, T.J. Cudahy, S. Chabrillat, H. Kaufmann, “Applicability of the thermal infrared spectral region for the prediction of soil properties across semi-arid agricultural landscapes,” Remote Sens., Vol.4, pp.3265–3286, 2012.
  [68] J.C. Mars, L.C. Rowan, “Spectral assessment of new ASTER SWIR surface reflectance data products for spectroscopic mapping of rocks and minerals,” Remote Sens. Environ., Vol.114, pp.2011–2025, 2010.
  [69] R. Hewson, D. Robson, A. Carlton & P. Gilmore “Geological application of ASTER remote sensing within sparsely outcropping terrain, Central New South Wales, Australia,” Cogent Geosci., Vol.3, Issue.1, pp.1319259, 2017. (22 pages)
  [70] A. Ciampalini, F. Garfagnoli, C. Del Ventisette, S. Moretti, Potential use of remote sensing techniques for exploration of iron deposits in Western Sahara and Southwest of Algeria,” Nat. Resour. Res., Vol.22, pp.179–190, 2013.
  [71] Y. Choi, J. Baek S. Park, “Review of GIS-Based Applications for Mining: Planning, Operation, and Environmental Management,” Appl. Sci. Vol.10, pp.2266, 2020. (4 pages).
  [72] A. Mazlan, “Regional hydrothermal alteration mapping using Landsat-8 data,” J. Taibah Uni. Sci., Vol.9, 155–166, 2015.
  [73] C.A. Bishop, J.G. Liu, P.J. Mason, “Hyperspectral Remote Sensing for mineral exploration in Pulang, Yunnan Province, China,” International Journal of Remote Sen., Vol.32, Issue.9, pp.2409–2426, 2011.
  [74] J.C. Mars, L.C. Rowan, “ASTER spectral analysis and lithologic mapping of the Khanneshin carbonate volcano, Afghanistan,” Geosphere, Vol.7, pp.276–289, 2011.
  [75] E. Bedini, “Mineral mapping in the Kap Simpson complex, central East Greenland, using HyMap and ASTER remote sensing data,” Adv. Space Res., Vol.47, pp.60–73, 2011.
  [76] S.M. Salem, M. El Sharkawi, Z. El-Alfy, N.M. Soliman, S.E. Ahmed, “Exploration of gold occurrences in alteration zones at Dungash district, Southeastern Desert of Egypt using ASTER data and geochemical analyses,” J. Afr. Earth Sci., Vol.117, pp.389–400, 2016.
  [77] S. Modabberi, A. Ahmadi, M.H. Tangestani, “Sub-pixel mapping of alunite and jarosite using ASTER data; a case study from North of Semnan, North central Iran,” Ore Geol. Rev., Vol.80, pp.429–436, 2017.
  [78] S. Rajendran, S. Nasir, “Characterization of ASTER spectral bands for mapping of alteration zones of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits,” Ore Geol. Rev., 88, pp.317–335, 2017.
  [79] A-J. Rueda-Ruiz, J.M. Noguera, C. Martínez-Cruz, “Flooding algorithm for extracting drainage networks from unprocessed Digital Elevation Models,” Comput.Geosci., Vol.59, pp.116–123, 2013.
  [80] A.M. Ross, B.L. McGlynn, E.S. Bernhardt, “Deep impact: effects of mountain top mining on surface topography, bedrock structure, and downstream waters,” Environtal Sci. Technol., Vol.50, pp.2064–2074, 2016.
  [81] A. Pandey, S.K. Himanshu, S.K. Mishra, V.P. Singh, “Physically-based soil erosion and sediment yield models revisited,” Catena, Vol.147, pp.595–620, 2016.
  [82] A. Baltensweiler, L. Walthert, C. Ginzler, F. Sutter, R.S. Purves, M. Hanewinkel, “Terrestrial laser scanning improves digital elevation models and topsoil ph modelling in regions with a complex topography and dense vegetation,” Environ. Model. Softw., Vol.95, pp.13–21, 2017.
  [83] G.P.O. Reddy, N. Kumar, N. Sahu, S.K. Singh, “Evaluation of automatic drainage extraction thresholds using ASTER GDEM and Cartosat-1 DEM: a case study from basaltic terrain of central India,” Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, Vol.21, pp.95–104, 2018.
  [84] K. Umoru, T.U. Omali, S.B.M. Akpata, G.O. Agada, “Assessment of land degradation in abandoned mine site at Okaba in Kogi state of Nigeria,” Global Scientific Journal, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.839-846, 2019.
  [85] E. Sansosti, F. Casu, M. Manzo, R. Lanari, “Spaceborne radar interferometry techniques for the generation of deformation time series: An advanced tool for Earth’s surface displacement analysis,” Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37, doi:10.1029/2010GL044379.
  [86] F. Cigna, C. Del Ventisette, V. Liguori, N. Casagli, “Advanced radar-interpretation of InSAR time series for mapping and characterization of geological processes,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., Vol.11, pp.865-881, 2011.
  [87] A. Hooper, D. Bekaert, K. Spaans, M. Arikan, “Recent advances in SAR interferometry time series analysis for measuring crustal deformation”, Tectonophysics, Vol.514–517, pp.1–13, 2012.
  [88] C. Lubitz, M. Motagh, H.U. Wetzel, H. Kaufmann, “Remarkable urban uplift in Staufen im Breisgau, Germany: Observations from TerraSAR-X InSAR and leveling from 2008 to 2011”, Remote Sens. Vol.5, pp.3082–3100, 2013.
  [89] S.V. Samsonov, P.J. González, K.F. Tiampo, N. D’Oreye, “Modeling of fast ground subsidence observed in southern Saskatchewan (Canada) during 2008–2011”, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., Vol.14, pp.247–257, 2014.
  [90] D. Perissin, T. Wang, “Repeat-Pass SAR InterferometryWith Partially Coherent Targets”, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol.50, pp.271–280, 2012.
  [91] P. Tantianuparp, X. Shi, L. Zhang, T. Balz, M. Liao, Characterization of Landslide Deformations in Three Gorges Area Using Multiple InSAR Data Stacks”, Remote Sens., 5, pp.2704–2719, 2013.
  [92] X. Shi, L. Zhang, M. Liao, T. Balz, “Deformation monitoring of slow-moving landslide with L- and C-band SAR interferometry”, Remote Sens. Lett., Vol.5, pp.951–960, 2014.
  [93] S. Kim, Y. Choi, H. Park, T. Kim, “Prediction of mine leachate pathway by considering the divergent flow of surface runoff”, J. Korean Soc. Geosyst. Eng., Vol.49, pp.736–745, 2012.
  [94] H. Saibi, M. Azizi, S. Mogren, “Structural investigations of Afghanistan deduced from remote sensing and potential field data,” Acta Geophysica, Vol.64, Issue.4, pp.978-1003, 2016.
  [95] S. Mogren, H. Saibi, M. Mukhopadhyay, J. Gottsmann, E.H., Ibrahim “Analyze the spatial distribution of lava flows in Al-Ays Volcanic Area, Saudi Arabia, using remote sensing,” Arabian J. Geosci., Vol.10, p.133, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/s12517-017-2889-0
  [96] A. Malinowska, R. Hejmanowski, “Building damage risk assessment on mining terrains in Poland with a GIS application”, Int. J. Rock Mechanics & Mining Sci., Vol.7, pp.238–245, 2010.
  [97] F. Yenilmez, N. Kuter, M.K. Emil, A. Aksoy, 2011. “Evaluation of pollution levels at an abandoned coal mine site in Turkey with the aid of GIS”, Int. J. Coal Geol., Vol.86, pp.12–19, 2011.
  [98] C.C. Wang, Y. Lv, Y. Song, “Researches on mining subsidence disaster management GIS`s system,” In Proceedings of the international conference on systems and informatics (ICSAI 2012), Yantai, China, 19–20 May 2012. pp.2493–2496, 2012.
  [99] A. Khalil, L. Hanich, A. Bannari, L. Zouhri, O. Pourret, R. Hakkou, Assessment of soil contamination around an abandoned mine in a semi-arid environment using geochemistry and geostatistics: pre-work of geochemical process modelling with numerical models. J. Geochem. Explor., Vol.125, pp.117–129, 2013.
  [100] A. Khalil, L. Hanich, R. Hakkou, M. Lepage, “GIS-based environmental database for assessing the mine pollution: a case study of an abandoned mine site in Morocco,” J. Geochem. Explor., Vol.144, pp. 468–477, 2014.

  Citation
  Thomas. U. Omali, "Utilization of Remote Sensing and GIS in Geology and Mining," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.17-24, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Determinant of COVID – 19 Patients Mortality in Pakistan

  Naeem Shahzad, Hafiza Rukhsana Khuram

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.25-28, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  This study of Purpose to examine the determinant of Morality relative to COVID–19 in Pakistan. Corona virus spread rapidly in Pakistan, the government imposed a timely lockdown, which greatly reduced the spread of corona virus. But later the government has had to move towards smart lockdown. The death toll from the lockdown has dropped significantly. Information used in this study was sourced from National Command and operation centre (NCOC), Ministry of National Health and Service and Regulations and Coordinate, COVID – 19 Dashboard. The high rate of COVID – 19 Infect was found 60 – 80 years. This study increasing health facilities, adopting full modern health facilities to reduce death due Covid -19.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  COVID – 19, Determinant, Morality, Pakistan

  References
  [1] A. L. F. Aydogdu, “Nurse Managers on Front Line against New Coronavirus,” World Academics journal Management, Vol.8, Issue 3, pp.21-24, 2020.
  [2] K. M. Anser, Z. Yousaf, A. M. Khan, A. A. Nassani, Abro, M. M. Q., H. X. Vo, & K. Zaman, “Social and administrative issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: better late than never,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research,Vol.27, Issue 27,pp.34567-34573, 2020.
  [3] A. A. Bassel, “The Impact of Cvid -19 (Cornovirus Pandemic) on the Demand of Health Services in Syria (Analytical Study in Lattka)”Word Academics Journal of Management, Vol.8, Issue.2.pp.06-11, 2020.
  [4] A. Waris, U.A. Khan, M. Ali, A. Ali, & A. Baset, “COVID-19 outbreak: current scenario of Pakistan,” New Microbes and New Infections, Vol. No. 35, 2020.
  [5] B. Bakkar, F. Mohsen, H. Armashi, M. Marrawi, & N. Aldaher, “A Crisis within a Crisis: An Assessment of COVID-19 Attitude and Practice among Syrians-A Cross-sectional Study” BMJ, Vol.11, Issue.4 2021.
  [6] M. Fajar, S. Magdhalena, S. Hartini, & Z. Nurfalah, “Modeling determinant of COVID-19 mortality in Indonesia,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol.6, Issue.9 pp.17-21, 2020.
  [7] N. Hussain, & B. Li, “Using R-studio to examine the COVID-19 Patients in Pakistan Implementation of SIR Model on Cases”. International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 6 Issue 8, pp.54-59, 2020.
  [8] T. Kanitkar, “The COVID-19 lockdown in India: Impacts on the economy and the power sector,” Global Transitions, 2, pp.150-156, 2020.
  [9] The Ministry of National Health Services. Regulation andcoordination.http://covid.gov.pk/facilities/List%20of%20Province-wise%20COVID 19%20Testing%20Facilities%20Pakistan. 2021.
  [10] S. Zia, “COVID-19 and gender infectivity-mortality rate among Pakistani population”. Working with Older People, Vol. 24 No. 4 2020.

  Citation
  Naeem Shahzad, Hafiza Rukhsana Khuram, "Determinant of COVID – 19 Patients Mortality in Pakistan," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.25-28, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Bank Liquity Risk and Bank Credit Risk: Implication on Bank Stability in Ghana

  J. Matey

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.29-36, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Bank sector crisis across the globe is largely blamed on the joint effort of bank liquidity and bank credit risks. And so, the twin concepts of liquidity and credit risks have come under keen academic scrutiny, especially in investment finance. Contributing to extant literature on these developments, secondary data were obtained from the websites of nine banks in Ghana, spanning 2008 to 2018, to determine how liquidity and credit risks separately and interactively impact bank stability in Ghana. Analysis of data was done using a panel regression through the fixed effects model after running the Hausman Test. The study confirms an inverse liquidity risk-bank stability relationship, emphasising the need to channel idle funds into interest earning securities to consolidate bank profits. Although a further revelation suggests an insignificant negative relationship between credit risk and bank stability, it re-echoes the need to implement policy recommendations made by the Banks and Specialised Deposit-Taking Institutions’ ACT 2016 (ACT 930), section 62 of Ghana, on the threshold to lend funds to clients. Bank-size-stability relationship was positive. Increasing bank size through establishing more branches nationwide is encouraged but to a precautionary level, since banks tend to suffer diseconomies of large scale operations due to unregulated expansion. There is the need to observe the Basel III provisions on maintenance of a 30-day optimum liquidity threshold of up to 100% and above. Besides, banks should tighten up their credit requirements and also ensure loan repayments history is monitored to benefit clients who are in good standing.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Liquidity Risk, Credit Risk, Bank Crisis, Bank Stability

  References
  [1]. B. Duignan, “Financial crisis of 2007-08”, Global Economics.
  [2]. L. Fisher, “Determinants of the risk premiums on corporate bonds”, Journal of Political Economy 67, 217-23, 1959.
  [3]. M. Dewatripont, J. Tirole, “The prudential regulation of banks”, Working paper.1994.
  [4]. J. Matey, “Financial performance analysis of distressed banks in Ghana: Exploration of financial ratios and Z-score”. 2019. https://doi.org//10.2139/ssrn.3735662
  [5]. K. Crowe, “Liquidity risk management – more important than ever”, Harland Financial Solutions, p. 3, 2009.
  [6]. Z. Maaka, “The relationship between liquidity risk and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya”. (Master thesis). Nairobi University, 2013.
  [7]. A. Ghenimi, H. Chaibi, M.A, B Omri, “The effects of liquidity risk and credit risk on bank stability: Evidence from the MENA region” Borsa Istanbul Review, 17(4), 238-248, 2017.
  [8]. S.G. Cecchetti, K.L. Schoenholtz, “Money, banking, and financial markets” (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.
  [9]. K. Nikolaou, M. Drehmann, “Funding liquidity risk: Definition and measurement (BIS Working Papers, No.316), Bank for International Settlements”. 2010.
  [10]. R. Duttweiler, “Managing Liquidity in Banks: A Top Down Approach. West Sussex: Wiley, 2009.
  [11]. S. Claassen, J.H. Van Rooyen, “Bank liquidity risk management: A South African Survey to determine future change. Risk governance & Control: Financial Markets & Institutions”, 2 (3), 33-5, 2012
  [12]. A. Ghenimi, H. Chaibi, M.A.B. Omri, “The effects of liquidity risk and credit risk on bank stability: Evidence from the MENA region” Borsa Istanbul Review, 17(4), 238-248, 2017. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2017.05.002
  [13]. H. Markowitz, “Portfolio selection: Efficient diversification The Journal of Finance, 7(1), 77-91, 1952.
  [14]. M. A. Copeland, “A study of money flows in the United States, NBER Books.
  [15]. B. “Duignan, Financial crisis of 2007-08”. Global Economics, 2019.Retrieved from; https://www.britannica.com/event/financial-crisis-of-2007-2008/additional-info#history
  [14]. N. Jahn, T. Kick, “Determinants of banking system stability: A macro-prudential analysis. The Journal of Finance 5 (6), 12- 23, 2012.
  [15. M. A. Segoviano, C. Goodhart, “Banking stability measures”. IMF Working Paper No. 09, 1-54, 2009.
  [16]. P. K. Ozili, “Banking stability determinants in Africa”. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 3(2), 14-18, 2018.
  [17]. E. Nakamura, J. Steinsson, J. “High-Frequency identification of monetary non-neutrality: the information effect”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(3), 1283-1330, 2018. doi:10.1093/qje/qjy004
  [18]. M. Adusei, “The impact of bank size and funding risk on bank stability”, Cogent Economics & Finance 3:1, 1111489, 2015. doi: 10.1080/23322039.2015.1111489
  [19]. M. Köhler, “Which banks are more risky? The impact of business models on bank stability. Journal of Financial Stability, 2015, 16, 195–212.
  [20] A. Iqbal, “Liquidity risk management: A comparative study between conventional and islamic banks of Pakistan”. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(5), 55-64, 2012.
  [21]. R. Ruozi, P. Ferrari, P. “Liquidity risk management in banks: Economic and Regulatory Issues”. Springer Briefs in Finance Publishers` Graphic LLC, Italy, 1–54, 2013.
  [22]. M. Drehmann, K. Nikolaou, “Funding liquidity risk: Definition and measurement”. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37, 2173-2182, 2013.
  [23]. K. Iskandar, “Risk management in islamic financial institutions. IBFIM, Kuala Lumpur, 2014.
  [24]. A. Demirgüç-Kunt, H. Huizinga, “Determinants of commercial bank interest margins and profitability: some international evidence”, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 379-408, 1999.
  [25]. P. Molyneux, J. Thornton, J. “Determinants of European bank profitability: A note”. Journal of Banking & Finance, 16(6), 1173–1178. doi:10.1016/0378-4266(92)90065-8
  [26]. A.N.A. Sohaimi, “Liquidity risk and performance of banking system in Malaysia”, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2271427
  [27]. M.S. Khan, H. Scheule, E. Wu, “Funding liquidity and bank risk taking”, Journal of Banking and Finance, 82, 203-216, 2017.
  [28]. P. Bourke, “Concentration and other determinants of bank profitability in Europe, North America and Australia”, Journal of Banking & Finance, 13(1), 65–79, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266 (89)90020-4
  [29]. G. Marozva, “Liquidity and bank performance”, International Business & Economics Research Journal, 14 (3), 453-462, 2015.
  [30]. K. Kosmidou, S. Tanna, F. Pasiouras, “Determinants of profitability of domestic UK commercial banks: panel evidence from the period 1995-2002, Economics, Finance and Accounting, Applied Research Working Paper Series, 2005.
  [31]. A. Olagunju, A.O. David, O.O. Samuel, “Liquidity Management and Commercial Banks` Profitability in Nigeria” Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2(7-8), 24-38, 2012.
  [32]. A.P. Ngaira, J. Miroga, “Determinants of financial stability of listed commercial banks in Kenya”, The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, 5(4), 1074–1097, 2018.
  [33]. K. Kosmidou, “The determinants of banks’ profits in Greece during the period of EU financial integration” Managerial Finance, 34, 146–159, 2008.
  [34] Z. He, W. Xiong, W. “Rollover risk and credit risk”. Journal of Finance, 67(2), 391-430, 2012c.
  [35] F. Hieider, M. Hoerova, C. Holthausen, “Liquidity hoarding and interbank market spreads: The role of counterparty risk”, Working Paper Series No. 1126, 2009
  [36] V.V. Acharya, S. Viswanathan. “Leverage, moral hazard and liquidity”, The Journal of Finance, 66(1), 99-138, 2011.
  [37]. J.A. Lopez, M.R. Saidenberg, “Evaluating credit risk models”, J Banking and Finance 25: 1635–1664, 2001.
  [38]. J. Q. Jeon, K. K. Lim, K.K, “Bank competition and financial stability: A comparison of commercial banks and mutual savings banks in Korea”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 25, 253-272, 2013.
  [39]. M. Alharthi, “Financial performance and stability in islamic banks: Evidence from GCC countries”, Corporate Ownership & Control, 14(4), 2016.
  [40]. E. Almekhlafi, K. Almekhlafi, M. Kargbo, X. Hu, “A study of credit risk and commercial banks’ performance in Yemen: Panel evidence”, Journal of Management Policies and Practices, 4 (1), 57-69, 2016
  [41]. E. Brewer, “An empirical test of the incentive effects of deposit assurance”, Journal of Money, Credit and banking, 26(1), 146-64, 1989.
  [42]. M. Curak, K. Poposki, S. Pepur, S. “Profitability determinants of the Macedonian banking sector in changing environment”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 406–416, 2012. doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.045
  [43]. S. Kipngetich W. Muturi, “Effect of credit risk management on financial performance of savings and credit co-operative society in Kenya”, Strategic Journal of Business and Change Management,2 (4), 2015.
  [44]. M. L. Raad, “Credit risk management (CRM) practices in commercial banks of Bangladesh: A Study On Basic Bank Ltd”, International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences Vol. 3(2), 78-90, 2015.
  [45]. A. T. Felix, A. T. N. Claudine, “Bank performance and credit risk management”, unpublished work in Finance, University of Skode, 12-15, 2008.
  [46]. A. H. Noman, S. Pervin, M. M. Chowdhury, H. Banna, “The effect of credit risk on the banking profitability”, A case on Bangladesh Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 15 (3), 2015.
  [47]. P. P. Athanasoglou, S. N. Brissimis, M. D. Delis, “Bank-specific, industry specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability”, Journal of international financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 18 (2), 121-136, 2005.
  [48]. H. S. Kargi, “Credit risk and the performance of Nigerian banks”, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2011.
  [48]. A. Kaaya, D. Pastory, “Credit risk and commercial banks performance in Tanzania: A Panel data analysis”, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(16), 2013.
  [49]. E. E. Chimkono, W. Muturi, A. K. Njeru, “Effect on non-performing loans and other factors on performance of commercial banks in Malawi”, International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 4(2), 549-563, 2016.
  [50]. A. C. Shapiro, “Multinational financial management”, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
  [51]. I. M. Tumin, “The effect of interest rates on financial performance of Commercial banks in Kenya”, An MSc. Research Project Submitted to the Department of Business Admin., University of Nairobi, 2011.
  [52]. T. Garcia-Marco, M.D. Roles-Fernandez, “Risk-taking behavior and ownership in the banking industry: the Spanish evidence, Journal of Economics and Business, 60, 332-354, 2008.
  [53]. P. Nguyen, “Corporate governance and risk-taking: evidence from Japanese firms”, Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 19, 278-297, 2011.
  [54]. M. Köhler, “Which banks are more risky? The impact of business models on bank stability. Journal of Financial Stability”, 16, 195–212, 2015.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2014.02.005
  [55]. M. Adusei, “Bank profitability: Insights from the rural banking industry in Ghana”, Cogent Economics & Finance, 3, 2015.
  [56]. S. Srairi, “Ownership structure and risk-taking behaviour in conventional and Islamic banks”, Evidence for MENA countries, Borsa Istanbul Review, 13(4), 2013.
  [57]. L. Laeven, R. Levine, “Bank governance, regulation and risk taking”, Journal of Financial Economics, 93(2), 259–275, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.09.003
  [58]. M. Cihak, H. Hesse, “Islamic banks and financial stability: An empirical analysis”, IMF Working paper, N_/08/16. Washington: International Monetary Fund, 2008.
  [59] D. Belete, “Determinants of commercial banks profitability: An empirical study on private commercial banks in Ethiopia, College of Business and Economics of Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, 2017.

  Citation
  J. Matey , "Bank Liquity Risk and Bank Credit Risk: Implication on Bank Stability in Ghana," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.29-36, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  A Study for Improved Sinter Quality and Productivity with Optimum Use of Mill Scale and Coke Breeze

  S. Sudershan, S.K. Dhua

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.37-42, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  To improve the sinter quality and productivity of sinter plants of an integrated steel plant, elaborate laboratory studies of various input raw materials were conducted with preparation of green mix with optimum dosage of mill scale and coke breeze. A series of pot sintering tests, using mill scale and coke breeze in various proportion along with the conventional raw materials, were carried out to determine the suitability and optimum blending ratio of raw materials. It was observed that productivity of the sinter machine can be increased by high dosage of mill scale commensurate with use of coke breeze in the green mix. The results of the laboratory experiments indicate that for production of good quality sinter from iron ore fines received from Bolani and Gua mines, in particular, use of mill scale along with high coke rate is very effective. By use of 4.4% of coke breeze and mill scale at the rate of 0.8% of green mix, the specific productivity could be increased by 28% (from base of 1.21 to 1.55 t/m2/hr). The yield and strength (Tumbler Index, TI) of product sinter was also found to be significantly improved from the base experimental figure. The productivity of sinter plant could be achieved to the designed figure by increasing the proportion of mill scale and optimizing the use of solid fuel.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Sinter Machine, productivity, Goethite ore

  References
  [1] C. E. Loo; “A perspective of Goethite Ore Sintering Fundamentals” ISIJ Int., Vol. 45, pp. 436-448, 2005.
  [2] Instrumentation Manual for Sinter Plant, IISCO Steel Plant, India, pp. 01-20, 2014.
  [3] C. E. Loo; “Ironmaking and Steelmaking”, Vol. 18, pp.33-40, 1991.
  [4] M Sen, S Sudershan and N Sen; “Improvement in sinter productivity and reduction in energy consumption by modification of side burners at sinter machines of ISP”, Steel & Metallurgy, Issue 4, pp. 35-41, February, 2020
  [5] E. Kasai, Y. Sakano, T. Kawaguchi and T. Nakamura; “Influence of Properties of Fluxing Materials on the Flow of Melt Formed in the Sintering Process” ISIJ Int., Vol. 40, pp. 857- 862, 2000.
  [6] E. W. Voice and R. Wild; “The influence on fundamental factors on the sintering process” The Australian institute of mining and metallurgy, pp. 21-59, 1958.
  [7] M. Boucrat and Rochas, Shigema et al., Yawata Tech. Report No. 264, pp. 111-117, September 1968.
  [8] Ball D F et al., “Agglomeration of Iron Ores”, 1973.
  [9] L. Lu, R. J. Holmes and J. R. Manuel; “Effects of alumina on sintering performance of hematite ores” ISIJ International, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 349-358, 2007.
  [10] S. Sudershan and S. K. Dhua; “Improvement in balling efficiency and mixing analysis of mixing and nodulizing drum for sinter making” Steel India, Volume 43, Issue 1, pp. 38-44, September 2020.
  [11] M. V. Ramos, E. Kasai, J. Kano and T. Nakamura, “Numerical Simulation Model of the Iron Ore Sintering Process Directly Describing the Agglomeration Phenomenon of Granules in the Packed Bed”, ISIJ Int., Vol. 40, pp. 448-454, 2000.
  [12] Y. Rajshekar, J. Pal and T. Venugopalan, “Mill scale as a potential additive to improve the quality of hematite ore pellet”, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 202–210, 2018.

  Citation
  S. Sudershan, S.K. Dhua, "A Study for Improved Sinter Quality and Productivity with Optimum Use of Mill Scale and Coke Breeze," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.37-42, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Increased Activities in Satellite Technology Ecosystems in Indonesia Affected by the Implementation of Strategic Changes and Internal Value

  Brian Pratistha, Tiara Kirana Gita

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.43-47, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Change can be described in two ways, including planned or unplanned changes. Unplanned changes are changes that occur without preparation, on the other hand, planned changes are changes that were planned and thought out beforehand, occur for a long time, and include a clear purpose. This study is used to identify how changes in strategy have an impact on the formulation of the internal value to be built. This study takes a case from the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space in the process of implementing the strategy change from being a center of excellence to driving development sectors. The hope, of course, that this study can fill the literature gap and generate new knowledge on the implementation of strategic changes that have an impact on the internal value that is built. The methodology used in this study is an analytical method using literature studies as the main source. Literature studies conducted by: (1) understanding the concept of strategic changes and internal value, (2) knowing recent conditions at the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space Republic of Indonesia, and (3) evaluating the effect of strategic changes for the economic development in Indonesia. The study results explain that the change in strategy from a center of excellence to a driving force for the development sector has implications for the increasingly active technology ecosystem of satellite technology in Indonesia.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Strategic Changes, Internal value, Study Literature, Technology Ecosystem

  References
  [1]. Agarwal, Ruchi; Ansell, Jake. Strategic change in enterprise risk management. Strategic Change, 2016, 25.4: 427-439.
  [2]. Bolagun, Strategic Change, Management Quartely Part 10 January 2001, Crainfield School of Management UK, 2001
  [3]. Churchill, N. C., and Lewis, V. L. The five stages of small business growth. Long Range Planning, 20(3), 30-50, 1987
  [4]. D. Taplin, H. Clark, E. Collins and D. Colby. Technical Papers: A Series of Papers to support Development of Theories of Change Based on Practice in the Field. New York: Actknowledge and The Rockefeller Foundation, 2013.
  [5]. Daft, Richard L. Manajemen,Edisi Keenam Jakarta: Salemba Empat, 2006
  [6]. De Silva, Muthu; Howells, Jeremy; Meyer, Martin. Innovation intermediaries and collaboration: Knowledge–based practices and internal value creation. Research Policy, 2018, 47.1: 70-87.
  [7]. García-Holgado, A. and García-Peñalvo, F.J. The evolution of the technological ecosystems: an architectural proposal to enhancing learning processes. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Technological Ecosystem for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM`13) (Salamanca, Spain, November 14-15, 2013) ACM, New York, NY, USA, 565-571.
  [8]. García-Holgado, Alicia; García-Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Rodríguez-Conde, María José. Definition of a technological ecosystem for scientific knowledge management in a PhD Programme. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality. 2015. p. 695-700.
  [9]. Henry, Chesbrough, Intel Technology Journal: Open Platform Innovation: Creating Value from Internal and External Innovation, 2003.
  [10]. Huizingh, E.K., Open innovation: state of the art and future perspectives. Technovation 31, 2–9, 2011.
  [11]. Jackson, Deborah J. What is an innovation ecosystem. National Science Foundation, 2011, 1.2: 1-13.
  [12]. Korhonen, Jouni. Four ecosystem principles for an industrial ecosystem. Journal of Cleaner production, 2001, 9.3: 253-259.
  [13]. Kunisch, Sven, et al. Time in strategic change research. Academy of Management Annals, 2017, 11.2: 1005-1064.
  [14]. Liestyo, Stephen. Dealing with Bank Buku Panduan Nasabah, Penerbit PT. Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta, 2003
  [15]. Lewin, K. Frontiers in group dynamics. Human relations, 1(2), 143-153, 1947
  [16]. Mazey, S., Richardson, J., Interest groups and EU policy making: organizational logic and venue shopping. In: Richardson, J.J. (Ed.), European Union: Power and Policy-Making. Routledge, Oxon, pp. 247–268, 2006.
  [17]. Mc Elroy, William. Implementing strategic change through projects. International Journal of Project Management, 1996, 14.6: 325-329.
  [18]. Naghibi Ali, Strategic Change Management : The Challenges faced by organizations, International Conference on Economic and Finance Research, IPEDR Vol 4, IACSIT Press Singapore, 2011
  [19]. P. Brest. The Power of Theories of Change. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring, 2010.
  [20]. Pratistha, Brian, National Economic Recovery: A Space Technology Perspective (Case Study: The Construction of A Propellant Laboratory with A Mixing Capacity 0f 600 Liters in 2022), International Journal of Scientific Research. Multidisciplinary Studies E-ISSN: 2454-9312 Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.71-74, March (2021)
  [21]. Rajagopalan, Nandini; Spreitzer, Gretchen M. Toward a theory of strategic change: A multi-lens perspective and integrative framework. Academy of management review, 1997, 22.1: 48-79.
  [22]. Rencana Strategis LAPAN Tahun 2015-2019
  [23]. Rencana Strategis LAPAN Tahun 2020-2024
  [24]. Voima, Päivi, et al. A customer ecosystem perspective on service. QUIS 12: Advances in Service Quality, Innovation and Excellence, 2011.
  [25]. Ward, Keith; Grundy, Tony. The strategic management of corporate value. European Management Journal, 1996, 14.3: 321-330.
  [26]. Westphal, James D.; Fredrickson, James W. Who directs strategic change? Director experience, the selection of new CEOs, and change in corporate strategy. Strategic Management Journal, 2001, 22.12: 1113-1137.
  [27]. Zamalludin, Analisis Model Penciptaan Nilai (Value Creation) Dengan Mempertimbangkan Perbaikan Proses Bisnis Untuk Meningkatkan Keunggulan Daya Saing Berkelanjutan Di Pos Express PT Pos Indonesia, Repository Widyatama, 2006.

  Citation
  Brian Pratistha, Tiara Kirana Gita, "Increased Activities in Satellite Technology Ecosystems in Indonesia Affected by the Implementation of Strategic Changes and Internal Value," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.43-47, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  The Creation and Validation of E-Management’s Measurement Scale

  Hamadi Khlif, Jameleddine Ziadi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.48-52, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  This paper deals with the understanding of the concept of E-management and the development of a measuring instrument adapted to the new problems encountered during the application of this new practice within the modern enterprise. Two principal e-management factors have been isolated in an exploratory study carried out among 260 participants. A confirmatory study applied to a second sample of 270 participants has been established in a cross-validation of the scale of measurement. The study presents the literature review specifically dedicated to E-management and the results of the exploratory and confirmatory phase of the development of this scale, which demonstrates satisfactory psychometric qualities.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  e-management, mode of management, ICT deployment ,creation, validation

  References
  [1] S.Bellier , H.Issac , E.Josserand, M.Kalika & I.Leroy , “Le E-Management : vers l’entreprise virtuelle? L’impact des TIC sur l’organisation et la gestion des compétences”, Liaisons, Entreprises et Carrières ; Paris ,pp 286-316 , 2002.
  [2] H.Khlif , J.Ziadi,“The Impact of E-Management on Organizational Performance: An Empirical Study in Tunisian Firms”, Vol.8, Issue.3, pp.31-37, 2020.
  [3] M.Kalika , “Le management est mort, vive le e-management”, Revue française de gestion, n°129, juin-juillet-août, p. 68-74, 2000.
  [4] J.Ziadi , “Vers une approche originale de la pratique e-managériale pour les entreprises tunisiennes ” ; centre de publication universitaire,Tunis , pp.39-50, 2005.
  [5] B.Cornet , “Mieux gérer votre entreprise grâce à la mise en place d`outils e-management : Méthodologies, implémentation et bénéfices pour les indépendants, TPE et PME” , Edipro, France , pp.55-100, 2012.
  [6] A.Harfouche, “De l`entreprise à l`entreprise virtuelle”, Proche Orient Etude en Management, Numéro 19 , p04, 2007.
  [7] S .Brion , “Innover : organiser ou manager ? ” avec C. MOTHE, XVIIe Conférence internationale de l`AIMS, Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 2008.
  [8] S.R Das, S.A Zahra, M.E.Warkentin, “ Integrating the Content and Process of Strategic MIS Planning with Competitive Strategy”, Decision Sciences, Vol.22, N°5, pp. 953-984, 1991.
  [9] R.E Miles, C.C Snow , “Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process”, McGraw Hill, New York , 1978.
  [10] A.M.Croteau, F ;Bergeron, L.Raymond, “Stratégie d’affaires déploiement des technologies de l’information : Alignement performance”, Actes du colloque de l’AIM,2000.
  [11] M. Germain , “Entreprise numérique et e-management ”, .techniques-ingénieur, France, pp 2-5, 2015.
  [12] I.Reyre & M.Lippa., “ e-Management : comment la révolution numérique transforme le management ”, Dunod , Paris, pp10-20,2015.
  [13] G.A.Churchill, “A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs”, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 16, p. 64-73, 1979.
  [14] P.Roussel , “Méthodes de développement d’échelles pour questionnaires d’enquête”, in P. Roussel, F. Wacheux., Management des Ressources Humaines : Méthodes de recherche en sciences humaines et sociales, Bruxelles : De Boeck, pp. 245-276, 2005.
  [15] H.Khlif , “Factors for Success in Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Systems, ” World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.9, Issue.1, pp.16-20, 2021.

  Citation
  Hamadi Khlif, Jameleddine Ziadi, "The Creation and Validation of E-Management’s Measurement Scale," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.48-52, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Proposed Method To Be Adopted For Online Exam Without Proctored Environment During Covid 19

  Hussein Chible

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.53-61, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  During this year and due to COVID19, we have faced the problem of going to university to give lectures and consequently take the exams. The university administration has decided to hold the lectures online but not the online exams, which must be taken on the university campus. In this work, I try to explain the possibility of taking online exams such as the one in the office or the one written at the university. The main question is how to take the exam online and, at the same time, the exam must be as safe, reliable and acceptable as the one on site and normally held on the campus of the faculty. This paper presents a method for taking online exams without a proctored environment; it will be based on an open book test idea, open lecture notes, open internet resources. The proposed method is based on some constraints, in order to minimize or cancel cheating, and therefore consider the online exam as valid as the onsite one. The results show that both online exam grades and onsite exam grades have relatively strong correlations coefficient, both have similar distribution, fairly symmetrical skewness, platykurtic distribution, and both have similar central tendency and dispersion.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Online lectures, Online exams, Onsite exams, No Proctored Environment

  References
  [1] K. Black, Business Statistics For Contemporary Decision Making, Sixth. University of Houston—Clear Lake: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.
  [2] “Peter’s Statistics Crash Course.” https://peterstatistics.com/ (accessed Jan. 07, 2021).
  [3] M. Ardid, J. A. Gómez-Tejedor, J. M. Meseguer-Dueñas, J. Riera, and A. Vidaurre, “Online exams for blended assessment. Study of different application methodologies,” Computers & Education, vol. 81, pp. 296–303, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.10.010.
  [4] S. Dendir and R. S. Maxwell, “Cheating in online courses: Evidence from online proctoring,” Computers in Human Behavior Reports, vol. 2, pp. 1–10, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100033.
  [5] A. A. Turani, J. H. Alkhateeb, and A. A. Alsewari, “Students Online Exam Proctoring: A Case Study Using 360 Degree Security Cameras,” presented at the Int. Conf. Emerging Technology in Computing, Communication and Electronics (ETCCE), United International University (UIU), Bangladesh and University Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Malaysia, Dec. 2020.
  [6] A. W. Suryani, “Individualized Excel-Based Exams to Prevent Students from Cheating,” JABE, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 14–24, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.26675/jabe.v5i1.14367.
  [7] S. Cerimagic and M. R. Hasan, “Online Exam Vigilantes at Australian Universities: Student Academic Fraudulence and the Role of Universities to Counteract,” Universal Journal of Educational Research - UJER, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 929–936, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.13189/ujer.2019.070403.
  [8] A. Vegendla and G. Sindre, “Mitigation of Cheating in Online Exams: Strengths and Limitations of Biometric Authentication,” in Biometric Authentication in Online Learning Environments, A.V. Senthil Kumar (Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, India), 2019, p. 314.
  [9] F. G. Karao?lan-Yilmaz, A. B. Üstün, and R. Yilmaz, “Investigation of Pre-Service Teachers’ Opinions on Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Formative Assessment: An Example of Online Multiple-Choice Exam,” Journal of Teacher Education & Lifelong Learning, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 10–19, Jun. 2020.
  [10] A. Abdollahi, A. Labbaf, M. Mafinejad, M. Sotoodeh-Anvari, and F. Azmoodeh-Ardalan, “Online Assessment for Pathology Residents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Report of an Experience,” Iran J Pathol, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 75–78, Winter 2021, doi: 10.30699/ijp.2020.129558.2425.
  [11] M. A. Sarrayrih, “Implementation and Security Development Online Exam, Performances and problems for Online University Exam,” International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 24–33, Jan. 2016.
  [12] M. J. John, S. H. Ramakrishnan, M. A. M. Sirajudeen, and S. Suthagar, “Advanced Online Examination using Raspberry Pi,” International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET), vol. 4, no. 19, pp. 345–349, Apr. 2017.
  [13] C. Mart, “Online Exams in the Time of COVID-19: Quality Parameters,” International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 13–21, Dec. 2020.
  [14] E. Gehringer and B. Peddycord III, “Experience with Online and Open-Web Exams,” JIR, vol. 2, pp. 10–18, May 2013, doi: 10.9743/JIR.2013.2.12.
  [15] A. Jaap, A. Dewar, C. Duncan, K. Fairhurst, D. Hope, and D. Kluth, “Effect of remote online exam delivery on student experience and performance in applied knowledge tests,” BMC Med Educ, vol. 21, no. 1, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02521-1.
  [16] E. Bilen and A. Matros, “Online cheating amid COVID-19,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol. 182, pp. 196–211, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2020.12.004.
  [17] O. R. Harmon and J. Lambrinos, “Are Online Exams an Invitation to Cheat?,” The Journal of Economic Education, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 116–125, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.3200/JECE.39.2.116-125.
  [18] B. F. Oftedal, K. H. Urstad, V. Hvidsten, and B. Foss, “Blended VS On-Campus Learning: A Study of Exam Results in the Bachelor Degree in Nursing,” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 59–68, May 2015.
  [19] S. A. O. Ogirima, O. T. Arulogun, and J. S. Osunniyi, “Students Perspective Assessment on Adopting Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria: The Case Study of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 27–34, Dec. 2020.
  [20] H. Chible, “Program designed in Excel for Students’ Exam Execution and Correction,” IJCATR, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 680–685, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.7753/IJCATR0206.1010.
  [21] H. Chible, “Comparison of Students’ Grades Between the Online Exam and the Written Exam done on the University Campus for the Computer Application Course at FTHM -LU.” Center for Research, Documentation and Publishing (CRDP) - Faculty of Tourism - Lebanese University, Feb. 18, 2021, doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16332.54408.

  Citation
  Hussein Chible , "Proposed Method To Be Adopted For Online Exam Without Proctored Environment During Covid 19," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.53-61, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Determination of Phytochemical, Proximate, Mineral and Vitamin Values in Various Parts of Five Varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

  C.A. Ezeabara, C.U. Okeke

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp.62-68, Apr-2021

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Araceae. Determinations of the phytochemical, proximate, mineral and vitamin contents of C. esculenta var. antiquorum, C. esculenta var. esculenta, ‘kochuo’, ‘nwine’ and ‘ogeriobosi’ parts were conducted using standard procedures. Significance of any differences was measured using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Highest concentrations of saponins were detected in the leaves, petioles and roots of the five C. esculenta varieties. Moreover, highest values of crude protein, vitamins A, B1, B2, C and E were present in the leaves of all the varieties. High levels of calcium were found in the leaves and petioles of all the varieties. Considering the phytochemical and nutrient values in the leaves and petioles of these C. esculenta varieties, their utilization as food and drug in ethno-medicine is highly encouraged. In addition, they could be regarded as good sources of these medicinal and nutritional agents.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Phytochemicals, Alkaloids, Saponins, Calcium, Vitamin C

  References
  [1] D.L. Plucknett, “Taxonomy of the genus Colocasia, In Taro: A Review of Colocasia esculenta and Its Potentials, Wang, J. (ed.), University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, Hawai’i, pp. 14-19, 1983.
  [2] A. Gomez-Beloz, T. Rivero, “Ure (Colocasia esculenta-Araceae): An edible aroid of the Warao” Ethnobotany Research and Applications, Vol. 4, pp. 103-111, 2006.
  [3] United States Development of Agriculture, “Taxon: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott,” National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, pp. 5, 2013.
  [4] A. Mubarak, K. J. Naka, S. Kasimu, N. M. Keta, R. J. Patrick, “Characterization and identification of fungal species associated with the spoilage of cocoyam [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] in Gwandu Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences Vol. 8, Issue. 1, pp. 83–87, 2021.
  [5] E.E. Bassey, G.S. Umoh, N.U. Ndaeyo, N. E. Nneke, G.U. Akpan, “Investigations into Taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] Leaf Blight Outbreak and Identification of Resistant Cultivars in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.” International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biolology, Vol. 3, Issue. 5, pp. 137–143, 2016.
  [6] C.A. Ezeabara, C.U. Okeke, A.I. Izundu, C.D. Udechukwu, G.O. Ogbuozobe, “Comparative leaf and root anatomical studies of five varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott,” International Journal of Science and Nature, Vol.6, Issue. 4, pp. 576–580, 2015a.
  [7] C.A., Ezeabara, C.U., Okeke, J.E. Amadi, A.I. Izundu, B.O. Aziagba, P.T. Egboka, C., D. Udechukwu, “Morphological Comparison of Five Varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria” American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 6, pp. 2819 –2825, 2015b.
  [8] J.O. Osuji “Probable functions of calcium oxalate crystals in different tissues of the edible aroids (Xanthosoma and Colocasia spp.) in Nigeria” African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 12, Issue. 25, pp. 3952 – 3956, 2013.
  [9] C.A. Ezeabara, C.U. Okeke, A.I. Izundu, G.O. Ogbuozobe, “Anatomy and histochemical localization of calcium oxalate crystals in petioles of five varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott” Int. J. Advanced Bio. Res., Vol. 5, Issue. 4, pp. 303–308, 2015c.
  [10] C.A. Ezeabara., C.U. Okeke, Amadi, J.E., “Phytochemical, proximate, mineral and vitamin investigations of cormels of five varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott found in Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria” American Journal of Life Science Researches, Vol. 3, Issue. 4, pp. 273-281, 2015d.
  [11] J.B. Harborne, “Phytochemical Methods”, 1st edition, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 273, 1973.
  [12] G.E. Trease, W.C. Evans, “A textbook of Pharmacognosy,” 13th edition, Bailiere Tindall Limited, London, pp. 53, 1989.
  [13] A. Sofowora, “Medical Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa,” Chichester John, Willey and Son, New York, pp. 256, 1993.
  [14] B.O. Obadoni, P.O. Ochuko, “Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some homeostatic plants in Edo and Delta State of Nigeria,” Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, 203-208, 2001.
  [15] KA. Kumaran, R.J. Karunakaran, “Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extracts of Coleus aromaticus,” Food Chemistry, Vol. 97, pp. 109–114, 2006.
  [16] D.H.S. Gracelin, A.J. Britto, P.B. Kumar, “Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in five Pteris species: Int. Pharmaceutical Scs, Vol. 5, Issue. 1, pp. 105–107, 2013.
  [17] T. Van-Burden, W. Robinson, “Formation of complexes between protein and Tannin acid,” Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, Issue. 1, pp. 77 – 82, 1981.
  [18] G.I. Onwuka, “Food Analysis and Instrumentation: Theory and Practice,” Naphthali Prints, a Division of HG Support Nigeria Limited, Lagos, pp. 250, 2005.
  [19] H.M. Stahr Analytical Methods in Toxicology, 3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 75, 1991.
  [20] M.J. Ahmed, U.K. Roy “A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of iron (II) aqueous solutions,” Turkish Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 33, 709 – 726, 2009.
  [21] J.E. Udoh, J.A. Oguwale, “Laboratory Manual for the Analysis of Soil, Plant and Water Samples,” University Press, Ibadan, pp. 286, 1986.
  [22] C. S. James, “Analytical Chemistry of Food,” 1st edition, Springer, New York, 178, 1995.
  [23] D. Pearson, “The Chemical Analysis of Foods,” 7th edition, Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 575, 1976.
  [24] V.N. Ogugua, E.G. Anaduaka, S. I. Egba, V. O. Apeh, M. C. Nriagu, “Does Cissus quadrangularis Linn. contain nutritive and medicinal constituents” World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue. 6, pp. 4404 – 4414, 2013.
  [25] D.E. Okwu, C. Josiah, “Evaluation of the chemical composition of two Nigerian medicinal plants” African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 5, Issue. 4, pp. 357 – 361, 2006.
  [26] D.B. Oke, B.L. Fetuga, O.O. Tewe, “Effect of autoclaving on the antinutritional factors of cowpea varieties” Nigerian Journal of Animal Products, Vol. 23, pp. 33-38, 1996.
  [27] C.A. Ezeabara, U. C. Nwiyi,“Investigation of phytochemical and proximate components in different parts of Boerhavia diffusa L. and B. erecta L.” Advances in Applied Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue. 5, 60 – 63, 2017.
  [28] C.A. Ezeabara, G.C. Egwuoba, “Comparative screening of phytochemical and proximate constituents of leaf, stem and root of Oldenlandia corymbosa L. and Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb” American Journal of Life Science Researches, Vol. 3, 4, pp. 113 – 118, 2016.
  [29] Korth, K. L., Doege, S. J., Park, S., Goggin, L. F., Wang, Q., S. Karen Gomez, S. K., Liu, G., Jia, L. and Nakata, P. A., “Medicago truncatula Mutants Demonstrate the Role of Plant Calcium Oxalate Crystals as an Effective Defense against Chewing Insects,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 141, pp.188–195, 2006.
  [30] V.A. Babu, D. Liu, “Flavonoids and cardiovascular Health,” In Complementary and Alternative Therapies and the Aging Population, R.R. Watson (ed.), Elsevier Inc., Cambridge, pp. 371 – 392, 2009.
  [31] B. Cui, Z. Hu, Y Zhang, J. Hu, W. Yin, Y. Feng, Q. Xie, G. Ken, “Anthocyanins and flavonols are responsible for purple colour of Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet pods” Plant Physiol. Biochem., Vol. 103, pp. 183 – 190, 2016.
  [32] N.C. Azubuike, U.C. Maduakor, I.T. Ikele, O.S. Onwukwe, O.A. Onyemelukwe, D.U. Nwanjiobi, I.J Chukwu, P.U. Achukwu, “Nutritional profile, proximate composition and health benefits of Colocasia esculenta leaves: An underutilized leafy vegetable in Nigeria” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 17, pp. 689 – 695, 2018.
  [33] C.A. Ezeabara, C.F. Ikeh, C.V Ilodibia, B.O. Aziagba, O.E. Okanume, E.I. Mbaekwe, “Comparative determination of phytochemical, proximate and mineral compositions in various parts of Portulaca oleracea L.,” Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue. 6, pp. 294–298, 2014.

  Citation
  C.A. Ezeabara, C.U. Okeke, "Determination of Phytochemical, Proximate, Mineral and Vitamin Values in Various Parts of Five Varieties of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.4, pp.62-68, 2021