Volume-9 , Issue-6 , Dec 2021, ISSN 2348-3423 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Reissner-Nordström blackholes from the induced gravity of a binary action

  Omprakash Atale

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp.66-71, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  Just a few years back, it has been shown by R. A. El-Nabulsi that a simple modified gravity model based on the occurrence of the two independent actions divulge some properties that bear a resemblance to induced gravity and their corresponding cosmological and astrophysical models. Here we elaborate on his idea and propose a precise Reissner-Nordström type solution corresponding to the field equations of induced gravity from this binary action. This solution describes the gravitational field in the vicinity of a charged, non-rotating, spherically-symmetric blackhole. Furthermore, various applications are made by deriving the corresponding singularities, null geodesic equation and the orbit of photons and charged particles.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Induced gravity, Reissner-Nordström solution

  References
  [1] Reissner, H. Über die Eigengravitation des elektrischen Feldes nach der Einsteinschen Theorie. Annalen Der Physik, 355(9), 106–120, 1916.
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  [3] Nordström, G. On the Energy of the Gravitation field in Einstein`s Theory, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen Proceedings, vol. 20, iss. 2, p.1238-1245, 1918.
  [4] Jeffery, G. B. The Field of an Electron on Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 99(697), 123–134, 1921.
  [5] Mammadov, Gulmammad. Reissner-Nordström metric. (2009).
  [6] El-Nabulsi, R.A. Induced gravity from two occurrences of actions. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 132, 295 (2017).
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  [9] Nordebo, J. 2016. The Reissner-Nordström metric. Umea University, Department of Physics. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 46s, Isviçre.
  [10] Visser, M. SAKHAROV’S INDUCED GRAVITY: A MODERN PERSPECTIVE. Modern Physics Letters A, 17(15n17), 977–991, 2002.
  [11] Sobreiro, R. F., Tomaz, A. A., & Otoya, V. J. V. Induced gravity from gauge theories. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 453, 012014, 2013.
  [12] Kamenshchik, A. Y., Tronconi, A., & Venturi, G. Induced gravity and quantum cosmology. Physical Review D, 100(2), 2019.
  [13] Naka, S., & Itoi, C. Induced Gravity in Higher-Dimensional Spacetime and the Mass Scale of the Kaluza-Klein Theory. Progress of Theoretical Physics, 70(5), 1414–1423, 1983.
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  Citation
  Omprakash Atale, "Reissner-Nordström blackholes from the induced gravity of a binary action," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.6, pp.66-71, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of Chronic Daily Intake, Pollution Index and Incremental Life Cancer Risk to Adults Due to Exposures to Heavy Metals in Surface and Ground water

  B. Samaila, I.J. Aisha, A.A. Shehu, A. Bako

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp.72-80, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  Human exposure to toxic metals is a global environmental health burden. The level of health risk posed by heavy metals in surface and ground water are determined using different health hazard indices. These metals in general disturb growth, development, reduce hemoglobin, create cancer, damage the body organs and the nervous system, and in extreme cases death of living organism. It was reported that in India about 80% of all their diseases are directly linked to poor quality of both surface and ground water. Therefore the aim of this review was to assess and evaluate the human health risk of heavy metals in groundwater and surface water in various locations of Nigeria. This review work, estimated the human health risk due to chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), pollution Index (PI) and Incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) of heavy metals in surface and ground water from different locations of Nigeria. The concentrations of heavy metals in various scholarly journals published by Nigerians researchers were used in this work to compute for CDI, HQ, PI and ILCR to the residents of each location selected in the country. The results obtained are remarkably high compare to the standard and found to be in the following order of magnitude; For Incremental Life Cancer Risk: Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr for Kebbi, Warri and Kaduna respectively, For Chronic Daily Intake; Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni for Kogi, Kebbi, Ajakuota and Niger Delta respectively, For Hazard Quotients: Pb > Cd > Cr > Cu for Kebbi, Warri, Kogi and Ajakuota respectively. Similarly for Pollution Index: Pb > Cd > Mn >Cr > Ni > Cu for Kebbi, Warri and Ajakuota respectively. The Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) are examples of toxic metals when consumed above the permissible level can lead to lingering ailments such as kidney problem, high blood pressure, liver crises, diarrhea, Skin and stomach irritation. There is every possibility for the residents of the locations under study to be affected by health problems since the pollution hazard/Index was greater than the critical value (1.0). The results of this review work provide an insight into heavy metal contamination in water and are useful for inhabitants in formulating protective procedures and health professionals in reducing heavy metal contamination of environmental water, and also serve as a basis for comparison to other areas both in Nigeria and worldwide.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Health risk Indices, Heavy metals, Water, and Incremental Life Cancer Risk

  References
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  [2] A.A. Azeem, and O.O. Zacchaeus, “Concentrations and health risk assessment of industrial heavy metals pollution in groundwater in Ogun state, Nigeria”, Scientific African, pp. 60-66, 2021.
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  [22] NIS Standards for drinking water quality, 2007, (pp. 1- 5)

  Citation
  B. Samaila, I.J. Aisha, A.A. Shehu, A. Bako, "Evaluation of Chronic Daily Intake, Pollution Index and Incremental Life Cancer Risk to Adults Due to Exposures to Heavy Metals in Surface and Ground water," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.6, pp.72-80, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Structural Characterization and Optical Properties of Monoclinic Ba2MgSi2O7 (BMS) Phosphor

  S.K. Dubey, S. Sharma, A.K. Diwakar, Sanjay Pandey

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp.81-85, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  Pure Ba2MgSi2O7 (BMS) phosphor was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction route. The phase identification of the prepared phosphor was done with the help of XRD technique. Actual phase formation and functional group identification of this phosphor was confirmed through Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Photoluminescence properties including with excitation and emission spectra were also studied. Ba2MgSi2O7 (BMS) phosphor revealed its monoclinic crystal symmetry with a space group C2/c. observed that the XRD pattern well matched JCPDS ?le No.23-0842. The average crystallite size was calculated as 29.46nm and strain as 0.30. SEM images reveal that the surface morphology of the particles was not uniform and they aggregated tightly with each other. The prepared phosphor was excited from 337nm and their corresponding emission spectra were recorded at blue (459nm) region. CIE chromaticity diagram represents purple-blue light emission of this phosphor. In this present investigation, XRD, SEM, FTIR and Photoluminescence characteristics of these phosphors are also reported.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Solid-state reaction; X-ray diffraction (XRD); Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Photoluminescence (PL), CIE chromaticity diagram, Ba2MgSi2O7 (BMS).

  References
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  [3] Lin, Yuanhua, Zhongtai Zhang, Zilong Tang, Xiaoxin Wang, Junying Zhang, and Zishan Zheng. "Luminescent properties of a new long afterglow Eu2+ and Dy3+ activated Ca3MgSi2O8 phosphor." Journal of the European Ceramic Society Vol. 21, Issue. 5, 683-685, 2001.
  [4] Barry, Thomas L. "Fluorescence of Eu2+?Activated Phases in Binary Alkaline Earth Orthosilicate Systems." Journal of the Electrochemical Society Vol. 115, Issue. 11, 1181, 1968.
  [5] Poort, S.H.M., Reijnhoudt, H.M., Van der Kuip, H.O.T. and Blasse, G. Luminescence of Eu2+ in silicate host lattices with alkaline earth ions in a row. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 241, Issue. (1-2), pp.75-81, 1996.
  [6] Ju, Li-Cheng, Chao Cai, Qiang-Qiang Zhu, Jia-Ye Tang, Lu-Yuan Hao, and Xin Xu. "Color tunable Sr2SiO4: Eu2+ phosphors through the modification of crystal structure." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Vol. 24, Issue. 11, pp. 4516-4521, 2013.
  [7] Sohn, Kee?Sun, Bonghyun Cho, and Hee Dong Park. "Photoluminescence behavior of manganese?doped zinc silicate phosphors." Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol, 82, Issue. 10, pp. 2779-2784, 1999.
  [8] Cai, Jinjun, Huanhuan Pan, and Yi Wang. "Luminescence properties of red-emitting Ca2Al2SiO7: Eu3+ nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method." Rare Metals Vol. 30, Issue. 4, pp.374-380, 2011.
  [9] Sao, Sanjay Kumar, Nameeta Brahme, D. P. Bisen, Geetanjali Tiwari, and S. J. Dhoble. "Mechanoluminescence, thermoluminescence and photoluminescence studies of UV/?-irradiated Ba2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphors." Journal of Luminescence Vol. 180, pp. 306-314, 2016.
  [10] Matasuzawa Xiu feng S., Xinran Z., P. Zhengfei; J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 20, 433, 2009.
  [11] S. Sharma, S.K. Dubey. “The Significant Properties of Silicate Based Luminescent Nanomaterials in Various Fields of Applications.” A Review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, Issue. 4, pp. 37-41, 2021.
  [11] JCPDS File No. 23-0842.
  [12] Aitasalo, T., J. Hölsä, T. Laamanen, M. Lastusaari, L. Lehto, J. Niittykoski, and F. Pellé. "Crystal structure of the monoclinic Ba2MgSi2O7 persistent luminescence material." In Ninth European Powder Diffraction Conference, Vol. 23, pp.481-486. 2015.
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  Citation
  S.K. Dubey, S. Sharma, A.K. Diwakar, Sanjay Pandey, "Structural Characterization and Optical Properties of Monoclinic Ba2MgSi2O7 (BMS) Phosphor," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.6, pp.81-85, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Investigation of Radon Concentration in Drinking Water in Some Selected Areas of Sokoto, Nigeria

  A.W. Adetoro, A. Bello, A. Yakubu, S.T. Sununu, A. Usman, M. Sulieman

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp.86-91, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  Water is one of the most plentiful and important natural resources in the universe. Because of the varying levels of radioactivity in water, the concentration of radon in water needs to be determined for radiation protection. In this study, the radon concentration in groundwater (Borehole and well water) samples were collected in different parts of Sokoto state, Nigeria. Twenty (20) groundwater (6 well water and 14 borehole water) samples were collected and measured using a Liquid scintillation counter (Tri-Carb LSA 1000TR). Most of the values of the radon are below the maximum contamination level (MCL) of 10Bq/L recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO), “Bello Way” with 22.97Bq/L, and “Gidan Kuka” with 4.08Bq/L having the highest and lowest value of radon concentration respectively. The mean values of radon concentrations were found to be 12.00Bq/L and 10.00Bq/L for Well water and Borehole water source respectively. The values of the estimated annual effective dose were found to be mostly below the recommended reference level of 0.1mSv/yr set by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The mean value of the estimated annual effective dose due to ingestion was found to be 0.087mSv/yr and 0.074mSv/yr for Well water and Borehole water respectively. These results indicate generally that there is no probability of health hazards for the public due to the presence of radon in groundwater and it is safe for consumption.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Radon, borehole, well water, Effective dose

  References
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  [7] C. Duenas, M.C. Fernandez, J. Carretero, E. Liger, S. Canete, “226Ra and 222Rn concentrations and doses in bottled waters in Spain” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol. 45 No. 3, pp. 283–290, 1999.
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  [10] N. N. Garba, N. Rabi`u, B. B. M. Dewu, “Preliminary studies on 222Rn concentration in ground water from Zaria, Nigeria”, Journal of Physical Science, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 57-64, 2012.
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  Citation
  A.W. Adetoro, A. Bello, A. Yakubu, S.T. Sununu, A. Usman, M. Sulieman, "Investigation of Radon Concentration in Drinking Water in Some Selected Areas of Sokoto, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.6, pp.86-91, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Semiconductor Nano Materials for Wide Bandgap Photonic and Optoelectronic Device Applications

  H.I. Ikeri, A.I. Onyia, S.T. Harry, O.J. Vwavware

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRPAS)

  Vol.9 , Issue.6 , pp.92-95, Dec-2021

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  Abstract
  CdS, CdSe, ZnS, GaAs, InSb, InAs, PbS, PbSe and PbTe Quantum dots (QDs) have been quantitatively studied for wide bandgap device applications using Brus model. The results strongly indicate that absorption and emission bands of QDs broaden with decreasing dot size leading to dramatic increase in energy of band-to-band excitation peaks and photoluminescence spectra compared to the spectrum of the materials in bulk form. These wide bandgap QDs differ significantly from conventional semiconductors as a result of their larger bandgap that is tunable by dimensional constraints due to quantum confinement and therefore exhibit tremendous advantages in terms of power capability, energy conversion efficiency, optical properties, radiation strength, high temperature, and high frequency operation suitable for high frequency fields, power electronics, solid state lightings etc. Wide bandgap semiconductor QDs also play an important role in optical absorption and emission of ultraviolet (UV) light for photonic and optoelectronic devices. Among the QDs, ZnS possesses the largest band gap (~ 8.5 eV) and hence exhibits widest and broadband spectral range and should be studied extensively due to its applicability in transparent electronics.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Wide bandgap, semiconductor, Quantum dot, emission and absorption, ultraviolet (UV) light, confinement

  References
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  Citation
  H.I. Ikeri, A.I. Onyia, S.T. Harry, O.J. Vwavware, "Semiconductor Nano Materials for Wide Bandgap Photonic and Optoelectronic Device Applications," International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol.9, Issue.6, pp.92-95, 2021