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  Study on Induced Fermentative Methodology for the Production of Virgin Coconut Oil from two Cocos nucifera Varieties

  N. Muthukkannan, T. Balasaravanan

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.92-104, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  In this study, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) was produced from West Coast Tall (WCT) and Deejay Coconuts (DJ) under induced fermentative methodology by employing Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum (9511) strains. This production methodology was optimized with temperature, PH, Inoculum concentration and Fermentation end time. The VCO yielding efficiencies were compared from two strains. Among the four parameters in the study, the maximum yielding efficiencies were obtained from WCT coconuts employing L. plantarum (9511) at 40±1ºC temperature, 5.5±0.1 PH, 7% (w/v) Inoculum concentration and 60hrs of fermentation end time. In conclusion, it has been observed that proximate analysis of VCO showed within the standard limits and also WCT Coconuts in combination with L. plantarum offered higher yield and better fatty acid proportion than the DJ Coconuts.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  VCO, yielding efficiency, parameters, L. Plantarum (9511), S. cerevisiae, WCT, DJ.

  References
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  Citation
  N. Muthukkannan, T. Balasaravanan, "Study on Induced Fermentative Methodology for the Production of Virgin Coconut Oil from two Cocos nucifera Varieties," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.92-104, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Comparative Study on Cultivation of Oyster Mushrooms using Nutrition Enhancing Substrates

  Bably Pearl Varghese, Pavithra Amritkumar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.105-111, Apr-2020

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Mushrooms are heterotrophic organisms which require external nutritive substrates for their growth. This study compares the efficiency of different substrates (agricultural wastes such as oil cakes, bagasse, hay, saw dust, banana leaves etc.) on growth, yield and nutritional composition of oyster mushroom-Pleurotus ostreatus. Of the 14 different substrate combinations tried in this study, only 5 combinations successfully fruited with oyster mushrooms. The test substrates Hay (H), Sawdust (S), Hay + Banana leaves (H+BL, 1:1), Sawdust + Banana leaves (S+BL, 1:1), Hay + Sawdust + Banana leaves (H+S+BL, 1:1:1) gave good yield. Supplementation with banana leaves enhanced the yield of oyster mushrooms and protein content to a great extent. Protein content in oyster mushrooms from (H+S+BL) substrate was found to be 6.09g/100g, which was significant and considerably higher compared to other test substrates. There was also significant difference in the cropping period of mushrooms produced from 5 successful test substrates, ranging from a minimum of 26 days (H+BL) to a maximum of 46 days (H). Total yield produced by (S) and (H+S+BL) was higher than other substrates. The present study demonstrates that banana leaves are also efficient as a substrate along with conventional hay and sawdust. Apart from comparing various substrates on their efficiency, this study also has shown that available agricultural residues can be efficiently used for oyster mushroom cultivation as a cost effective and ecofriendly alternative. This study has demonstrated that minimum alternate substrate inputs can give high quality and good yield of oyster mushrooms.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, banana leaves, substrate, hay, sawdust

  References
  [1] V.Kumar, S.M.P. Chandra, S.C. Shancy, V.S. Shabnam, T.V. Lamya, “Cultivation of edible mushrooms in India: Precautions, Opportunities and Challenges”, Journal of Plant Development Sciences Vol.7, Issue. 5, pp. 409-413, 2015.
  [2] A.Z. Woldegiorgis, D. Abate, G.D. Haki, G.R. Ziegler, “Proximate and amino acid composition of wild and cultivated edible mushrooms collected from Ethiopia”, Journal of Food and Nutritional Science Vol. 3, Issue. 2, pp. 48-55, 2015.
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  [7] S.S. Patil, S.A. Ahmed, S.M. Telang, M.M. Baig, “The nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr) Kumm cultivated on different lignocellulosic agro-wastes”, Innov Rom Food Biotechnol Vol. 7, pp. 66-76, 2010
  [8] S.T. Chang, P.G. Miles, “Edible mushroom and their cultivation”, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1989.
  [9] M.K. Biswas, “Microbial contaminants in Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) cultivation their management and role of meteorological factors”, Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, New Delhi, pp. 1-10, 2014.
  [10] D.R. Sonali, “Cultivation and study of growth of oyster mushroom on different agricultural waste substrate and its nutritional analysis”, Advances in Applied Research Vol. 3, Issue. 4, pp. 1938-1949, 2012.
  [11] G.H. Adebayo, B.N. Omolara, A.E. Toyin, “Evaluation of yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) grown on cotton waste and cassava peel”, African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 8, Issue. 2, pp. 215-218, 2009.
  [12] J. Ashraf, M.A. Ali , W.Ahmad, C.M. Ayyub, J.Shafi J, “Effect of different substrate supplements on oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) production”, Food Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Issue. 3, pp. 44-51, 2013.
  [13] V.J. Tirkey, S. Simon, A.A. Lal, “Efficacy of different substrates on the growth, yield and nutritional composition of oyster mushroom- Pleurotus florida (Mont.) Singer”, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vol. 6, Issue. 4, pp. 1097-1100, 2017.
  [14] E. Baysal, H. Perker, M. Kemal, A. Temiz, “Cultivation of oyster mushroom on waste paper with some added supplementary materials”, Bioresource technology, Vol. 89, pp. 95-97, 2003.
  [15] D.B. Tarko, A.M. Sirna, “Substrate optimization for cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus on lignocellulosic wastes (coffee, sawdust, and sugarcane bagasse)”, Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology, Vol. 6, Issue. 4, pp. 14-20, 2018.
  [16] Z. Shah, M. Ashraf, M. Ishtiaq, “Comparative study on cultivation and yield performance of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on different substrates (Wheat Straw, Leaves, Saw Dust)”, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition Vol. 3, Issue. 3, pp. 158-160, 2004.
  

  Citation
  Bably Pearl Varghese, Pavithra Amritkumar, "Comparative Study on Cultivation of Oyster Mushrooms using Nutrition Enhancing Substrates," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.105-111, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Taxonomic study of Black-flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae in Al Arab River (Lattakia, Syria)

  Eva Rajab, Adib Zeini, Ekbal Fadel

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.112-119, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Black-flies larvae samples were collected monthly from one fixed site in AL Arab river (Lattakia, Syria) for a year during the period from December 2017 till October 2018. Slides were prepared and morphological characteristics of last-instar larvae (matured) and pupae were used to determine the classification of species. As a result, eleven species (Metacnephia persica; Prosimulium tomosvaryi; Simulium. (Eusimulium) angustipes; S. (welhelmia) pseudoequinum; S. (simulium) kiritshenkoi; S. (Obuchovia) auricuma; S. (Simulium) trifasciatum; S.( Nevermannia) ruficorne; S. (Eusimulium) aureum; S. (Eusimulium) . sp and S. (welhelmia) paraequinum) belonging to three genera (Metacnephia , Prosimulium and Simulium) were reported, ten species of them were reported for the first time in Syria. This is the first study of black-flies larvae taxonomy in Syria.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Simuliidae,Fauna,Runningwater,Syria

  References
  [1] P. H. Adler, “World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory,” pp. 1- 139, 2019.
  [2] N. Hamada, M. Grillet, “Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Gran Sabana (Venezuela) and Pacaraima Region (Brazil): Distributional data and identification keys for larvae and pupae,” Sociedad enezolana de Entomología, 16(1): pp. 29-49. 2001.
  [3] O. Başören, N. Kazanci, “Contribution to the knowledge of Simuliidae (Diptera, Insecta) fauna of Turkey: Eastern Black Sea Region,” Review of Hydrobiology 5(2): pp. 121-130, 2012.
  [4] S. Çağlar, K. İpekdal, “A biogeographical evaluation of the Turkish Simuliidae fauna ,” Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 19:pp 148-151, 2009.
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  [6] N. Hamada. M. Pepinelli, “Simulium (Chirostilbia) bifenestratum (Diptera, Simuliidae), a new black-fly Species from the Atlantic Forest,” State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 99(1): pp. 45-52. 2004.
  [7] V. Landeiro, M. Pepinell, N. Hamada, “Species richness and distribution of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Chapada Diamantina Region, Bahia, Brazil,”. Neotropical Entomology 38(3): pp 332-339. 2009.
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  [9] H. Takaoka, W. Srisuka, A. Saeung, Y. Otsuka, “ Simulium (Simulium) lomkaoense, a new species of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Journal of Medical Entomology,” 51(6): pp. 1109-1115. 2014.
  [10] W. Srisuka, H. Takaoka, Y. Otsuka, M. Fukuda, S. Thongsahuan, K. Taai, W. Choochote, A. Saeung, “ Seasonal biodiversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and evaluation of ecological factors influencing species distribution at Doi Pha Hom Pok National Park,” Thailand. pp. 212-219. 2015.
  [11] S. Ciadamidaro, L. Mancini, L. Rivosecchi, “Black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) as ecological indicators of stream ecosystem health in an urbanizing area (Rome, Italy) ,” Ann Ist Super Sanità 52, (2):pp 269-276, 2016.
  [12] E. Kiel, “Behavioral response of blackfly Larvae (Simuliidae, Diptera) to different current velocities,”. Limnologica 31(3): pp.179-183, 2001.
  [13] A. E. Hershey, D. T. Chaloner, R. M. Northington, “Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates ,” (eds.) Chapter 17 (Aquatic Insect Ecology).pp. 659-694, 2010.
  [14] H. J. Thorp, A. P. Covich, “ Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates,” pp. 551-559, 2001.
  [15] N. R. Uzoigwe, C. I. Njoku, G. A. Amuga, J. A. Yohanna“ Substrate colonization and relative abundance of immature forms of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in river Mada, Nasarawa State Nigeria. Advances in Entomology,” 1 (2),pp. 24-28. 2013.
  [16] R. W. Crossky, “A taxonomic account of the blackfly fauna of I raq and Iran, including keys for species identification (Diptera: Simuliidae) ,” Journal of Natural History, 36 (15): pp 1841-1886. 2002.
  [17] P. H. Adler, R. W. Crosskey, “World blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory,” pp. 1-126, 2016.
  

  Citation
  Eva Rajab, Adib Zeini, Ekbal Fadel, "Taxonomic study of Black-flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae in Al Arab River (Lattakia, Syria)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.112-119, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Impact of sodium nitrate on astaxanthin production in green micro- alga Haematococcus pluvialis under laboratory condition

  Surendra Singh and NishaTiwari

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.120-122, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  There is currently much interest in biological active compound derived from natural resources, especially compounds that can efficiently act on molecular targets, which are involved in various diseases. Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid which is found in various micro-organisms and marine animals. astaxanthin is used as a pigment in aquaculture and food industries and has application in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical due to its high antioxidant activity. In addition, astaxanthin has important metabolic function including enhancement of immune reponses and protection against disease such as cancer. Haematococcus pluvialis is the richest source of natural astaxanthin and is now cultivated at industrial scale. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to observe the production of astaxanthin at different concentration of Nitrogen in Haematococcus pluvialis. The experiment was conducted for 18 days and data were analyzed at the interval of 2 days, the maximum concentration of carotenoid was recorded in Haematococcus pluvialis is 1.646µgmL-1 on 8th day at 20mM concentration of Sodium Nitrate.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Astaxanthin, Carotenoid, Haematococcus pluvialis, Sodium Nitrate

  References
  [1] C. Aflalo, Y. Meshulam, A. Zarka, S. Boussiba, "On the relative efficiency of two- vs. one-stage production of astaxanthin by the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis". Biotechnol. Bioeng., Vol.98, pp.300–305, 2007.
  [2] M. A. Borowitzka, J. M. Huisman, and A. Osborn, "Culture of astaxanthin - producing green alga Haematococcus pluvialis" I. Effects of nutrients on growth cell type. J. Appl. Phycol. Vol. 3, pp. 295-304, 1991.
  [3] S. Boussiba, A. Vonshak, "Astaxanthin accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis". Plant Cell Physiol. Vol. 32, pp. 1077-1082, 1991.
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  [7] Z. Y. Hu, Y.T. Li, M. Sommerfeld, F.Chen, Q. Hu, "Enhanced protection against oxidative stress in an astaxanthin-overproduction Haematococcus mutant". Eur J Phycol. Vol.43, pp. 365–376 , 2008.
  [8] M. Kobayashi, Y. Kurimura, T. Kakizono, N. Nishio, Y. Tsuji," Morphological changes in the life cycle of the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis". J Ferment Bioeng. Vol. 84, pp. 94–97, 1997.
  [9] Y. Li, M. Sommerfeld, F. Chen, Q. Hu, " Effect of photon fluxdensities on regulation of carotenogenesis and cell viability of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae)". J Appl PhycolVol. 22, pp. 253–263, 2010.
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  [11] P. Z. Margalith, "Production of ketocarotenoids by microalgae". Appl. Microbiol . Biotechnol. Vol. 51 pp. 431–438, 1999.
  [12] M. M. Mendes-Pinto, M. F. J. Raposo, J. Bowen, a. J., Young, Morais, R.. Evaluation of different cell disruption processes on encysted cells of Haematococcus pluvialis: Effects on astaxanthin recovery and implications for bio-availability. J. Appl. Phycol. Vol. 13, pp.19–24, 2001.
  [13] A. Ranga Rao, P. Siew Moi, S. Ravi, and R. G. Aswathanarayana, "Astaxanthin: sources, extraction, stability, biological activities and its commercial applications—are view". Mar. Drugs. Vol. 12, pp. 128–152, 2014.
  [14] I. Zlotnik, A. Sukenik, and Z. Dubinsky, "Physiological and photosynthetic change during the formation of red aplano spores in the chlorophyte Haematococcus pluvialis". J. Phycol. Vol. 29, pp. 463-469, 1993.
  

  Citation
  Surendra Singh and NishaTiwari, "Impact of sodium nitrate on astaxanthin production in green micro- alga Haematococcus pluvialis under laboratory condition," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.120-122, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Role of Sanger’s reagent on Vorticella stalk contraction performance

  Amit Kumar Verma and Ashok Kumar Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.123-127, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Vorticella stalk contraction is a new type of machinery exhibited positive role for Sanger’s reagent in acidic medium. These range of acidic medium changes contraction frequency of the stalks up to the limited range of chemical reactions by the path and patterns of structural modification of stalks throughout the length of their extension. The ROS generated by the applied Sanger’s reagent in different concentration gradients slowed down the rate of contraction but unable to stop metabolic path and patterns of protein folding. Thus the experimental conclusion exhibited reversible physiological regulation of contraction in less acidic medium with extra-ordinary future applications in terms of advanced bio-molecular software utilisations.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Sanger’s reagent, Vorticella stalk, contraction frequency, reversible reaction, physiological regulation

  References
  [1]. Sokolovsky, M. Riordan, J. F. & Vallee, B. L., “Tetranitromethane. A reagent for the nitration of tyrosyl residues in proteins”, Biochemistry 5. 3582-3589, 1996.
  [2]. Tatham, A. S. & Shewry, P. R., “Elastomeric proteins: biological roles, structures and mechanisms”, Trends Biochem. Sci., 25: 567-571, 2000.
  [3]. Raj, M. Chatterji, A. Singh, A. K. & Amin, M., “Effect of extracellular pH and DNFB treatment on the mechanical performance of frog skeletal muscle”, Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Vol. 26, pp. 325-328, 1989.
  [4]. Verma, A. K. & Singh, A. K., “Effect of DNFB treatment in combination with different pHs of the medium along the length of Vorticella stalk contraction dynamics”, International Journal of Current Research, Vol. 9, Issue. 07, pp. 54365 – 54368, 2017.
  [5]. Shantosh, M. & Sarojnalini, Ch., “Nutritional Quality of Three Cobitid Fishes of Manipur, India: With Special Reference to Essential Mineral Elements”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol. 5, Issue. 2, pp. 24 – 33, 2018.
  [6]. Singh, A. K. & Amin, M., “Oscillation in Nitella Cell membrane potential and its Effect on Cytoplasmic Streaming”, Current Science Vol. 58, No. 12, pp 669-672, 1989.
  [7]. Singh, A. K. & Amin, M., “Effect of extracellular pH on membrane potential and cytoplasmic streaming in nitella and chara cells”, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 29, No. 3, 201-204, 1991.
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  [9]. Riordan, J. F. Sokolovsky, M. & Vallee, B. L., “Tetranitromethane. A reagent for the nitration of tyrosyl residues in proteins”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88. 4104-4105, 1996.
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  Citation
  Amit Kumar Verma and Ashok Kumar Singh, "Role of Sanger’s reagent on Vorticella stalk contraction performance," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.123-127, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Organic Extracts of Psidium cattleianum Leaves

  K. Sunisha and R. Dhivya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.128-133, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Plants usually are reservoirs of organic compounds that provide definite physiological action on the body of human beings. Pharmacological activities of plants have been extensively investigated as a source of medicinal agents. For the discovery of lead compounds for use as therapeutic drugs, the active principle in medicinal plants needs to be identified. GC-MS method serves as an interesting tool for testing the amount of some active principles of herbs. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the GC-MS analysis, antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol and acetone extracts of Psidium cattleianum leaves. Compound identification of the extract was using Shimadzu GC-2010 gas chromatography coupled with QP2010 mass spectrometer. DPPH assay was applied using Quercetin as a standard to test the antioxidant activity of acetone and ethanol extract of P. cattleianum leaves. Phytochemical analysis was done by following the standard procedures. The results of GC-MS analysis stated the presence of seven major compounds in ethanol extract and twelve major compounds in the acetone extract of P. cattleianum leaf extract. The results also revealed that ethanol extract exhibited more antioxidant activity than acetone extract. When screened for phytocompounds, ethanol and acetone extract recorded the presence of significant number of secondary metabolites viz., Phenols, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Glycosides and Quinones that were present in both the extracts. The excellent pharmacological activities of acetone and ethanol extracts of P. cattleianum leaves might be due to the presence of various phytochemicals and compounds that were identified. It may be concluded that plant products can be considered as strong candidates that contribute for the development of new leads that can provide help in combating the emerging issues of drug resistance.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Psidium; Plants extracts; Solvents; GC MS Analysis; Antioxidant; Phytochemicals

  References
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  Citation
  K. Sunisha and R. Dhivya, "GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Organic Extracts of Psidium cattleianum Leaves," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.128-133, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Incidence of COVID-19 and Its Correlation between Temperature and Population Density

  Siddhartha Dan, Deepshikha Sharma, Mahasweta Mandal, Deepti Sharma

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.134-141, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Meteorological parameters are the important factors influencing the infectious diseases such as SARS and influenza. A study of the prevalence of COVID-19 for each country as a function of temperature was used to define significant differences in temperature and relative humidity. The number of deaths caused by COVID-19, the meteorological parameters and geographical region data were collected from 28th March 2020 to 7th April 2020 worldwide. The correlation of population, population density, and temperature in cities where COVID-19 outbreaks are already becoming epidemics was studied. Generalized additive model was applied to explore the effect of temperature, humidity and population density with the number of cases confirmed, recovered and number of deaths of COVID-19. Worldwide, there were 7,52,394 confirmed, 5,23,480 actives, 1,50,732 recovered and 36,196 death cases due to COVID-19 confirmed. In the duration of case study, the range of the temperature was varied from -7°C to 37 °C. In Mongolia, where temperature range was about -6°C to 1°C, 14 cases were confirmed from the 32,78,290 population and in Burkina Faso, where temperature range was 27 °C to 37 °C, 214 cases were confirmed from the 2,09,03,273 population. USA, a very large area, has different temperature range in different states. For example, in Gaum, USA, there were 56 confirmed cases found in spite of the average temperature of 29°C and humidity 72%, whereas in Alaska, USA, with average temperature of -3°C and humidity 28%, there were found 102 confirmed cases. In summary, this study suggests that the temperature variation and humidity may not be the important factors affecting the COVID-19 mortality.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Corona Incidence, Temperature, Humidity, Population Density, Worldwide Population

  References
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  Citation
  Siddhartha Dan, Deepshikha Sharma, Mahasweta Mandal, Deepti Sharma, "Incidence of COVID-19 and Its Correlation between Temperature and Population Density," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.134-141, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Analysis of Hydroxyproline in Femur of Common Toad for Alteration in Collagen Content by Triiodothyronine

  Sulata Kumari Sahu

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.142-145, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Strength and flexibility of bone came from collagen fibres having crosslinkings. Thyroid hormones have wide scope of impacts on bone tissue. For deciding the nature of bone framework, thyroid hormones are crucial, yet how it is indistinct. Prior examinations recommend that, T3 controls collagen articulation which is portion subordinate and has additionally consequences for collagen crosslinkings. Hypothyroidism causes impaired bone formation and growth retardation where as hyperthyroidism may halt the synthesis of collagen and decreased bone mass. Hydroxyproline and hydroxyllysine are essential for the collagen cross linking and strength of the bone. Examination of hydroxyproline status can be considered as an index of collagen metabolism. As common toad(Duttaphyrnus melanostictus) is studied extensively to gain an elementary knowledge on the anatomy of vertebrates, the above species was used as the experimental organism. The hydroxyproline contents in the femur bone of the experimental and controlled samples were calculated by using Neuman and Logan (1950) method modified by Leach (1960) and values were converted to collagen contents by multiplying with the factor 7.46 as suggested by Jackson and Cleary (1967).From the above values the total collagen content and solubility % were calculated in both control and experimental groups at two different doses of Triiodothyronin(2.0µg/gm&0.5µg/gm). There was no significant outcomes but the % of solubility and ratio of soluble to insoluble has increased insignificantly more at 2.0µg/gm.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Femur, Bone, Collagen, Common toad, Triiodothyronine, Hydroxyproline

  References
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  [13] S. Singh, G. Mishra, P.K. Dixit “Ascorbic acid (Vit-c) induced biochemical alternation of collagen characteristics in the heart tissue of swiss mice” International journal of current research, Vol. 8, Issue.9, pp.37575–37579, 2016.
  [14] F. Varga , M. Rumpler, R. Zoehrer, C. Turecek, S. Spitzer, R. Thaler, E.P. Paschalis, K. Klaushofer “T3 affects expression of collagen I and collagen cross-linking in bone cell cultures” Biochem Biophys Res Commun, Vol.402, Issue. 2, pp.180-5, 2010.
  

  Citation
  Sulata Kumari Sahu, "Analysis of Hydroxyproline in Femur of Common Toad for Alteration in Collagen Content by Triiodothyronine," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.142-145, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Phytochemical Screening and Analyses of Eight Selected Heavy Metals in an Air-dried and Sun-dried Leaf of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) O Kuntze

  Arogbodo J.O, Ajayi, O.A, Adebayo I.A

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.146-150, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  The growing interest in ethno-medicine calls for effective laboratory scrutiny of the part(s) of the medicinal plant(s) being used as raw materials in the preparation of useful products as a way of certifying their bio-safety. To achieve this aim, air-dried and sun-dried leaves of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) were subjected to preliminary analyses of its phytochemicals and some heavy metals using standard methods. The results confirmed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, and absence of phlobatannins, alkaloids, and anthraquinones in both in air-dried (ADS) and sun-dried samples (SDS). The quantity of the phytochemicals were found to be in decreasing order of saponins > terpenoids > steroids > cardic glycosides > flavonoids > Tannins and the heavy metal values also in the order of Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Se > Cd > Co > Pb. The heavy metals in the two samples were within the permissible safe limits recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO); indicating that the leaf of A. brasiliana is not toxic of the analyzed metals. Likewise, it was deduced from the results that air-drying could be a preferred processing method in the preparation of A. brasiliana leaf as more of the phytochemicals and metals were found in the air-dried than the sun-dried leaf sample.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Heavy metal, phytochemical screening, processing methods, A. brasiliana

  References
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  Citation
  Arogbodo J.O, Ajayi, O.A, Adebayo I.A, "Phytochemical Screening and Analyses of Eight Selected Heavy Metals in an Air-dried and Sun-dried Leaf of Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) O Kuntze," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.146-150, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of a Protective Effect of the Water Extract of Thymus Leaves Against Diclofenac Sodium-Induced Renal Toxicity in the Syrian Hamster

  Hala Salman, Ali Daoud, Marwan Dabbagh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.151-157, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Diclofenac sodium is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug which is safe in therapeutic doses but can produce life-threatening renal damages with toxic doses.The current study was designed to investigate the protective effects of aqueous extract of thyme leaves (Thymus Vulgaris) against diclofenac sodium-induced toxicity in Syrian hamsters. A total of 32 hamsters were divided equally into 4 major groups. Group I received distilled water (2 ml) daily, group II received thyme extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg b. wt /day, orally Mediated by tubular feeding for five weeks. group III received diclofenac sodium at a dose of 6 mg /kg b.wt three times a week without extract for five weeks, while group IV received diclofenac sodium plus thyme extract for five weeks. then, hamsters were sacrificed by ether anesthesia and blood samples were collected they were autopsied, and kidney tissue samples were prepared .The obtained results showed that, Administration of sodium diclofenac to hamsters induced marked disturbance of renal functions, characterized by a significant increase in the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and potassium (p <0.001),while the sodium concentration (p <0.001) decreased in the third group compared to the control and the second groups. Histopathological changes showed that sodium diclofenac caused significant structural damages to kidneys and showed clear signs of acute cellular necrosis of the renal tubules and glomeruli.This was evidenced by the breakdown of cell membranes, dense cellular debris in the lumen of tubes and glomeruli, increased bowman area, and severe blood congestion.On the other hand,Oral co-administration of thyme extract with sodium diclofenac significantly decreased the level of ALP and potassium (p <0.001) and significantly increased the level of sodium in group IV animals compared to that in group III. Moreover,thyme extract also exhibited some improvement in the histological architecture of kidney that looked normal.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Hamster, Kidney, Diclofenac Sodium, nephrotoxicity, thyme leaves extract

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  Citation
  Hala Salman, Ali Daoud, Marwan Dabbagh, "Evaluation of a Protective Effect of the Water Extract of Thymus Leaves Against Diclofenac Sodium-Induced Renal Toxicity in the Syrian Hamster," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.151-157, 2020