Volume-11 , Issue-5 , Oct 2024, ISSN 2455-3174 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Adsorption and Kinetic Studies of Acid Green 1 Dye on Anadendron Parviflorum Leaves

  Sanket Sawant, Pramila Ghumare, Dattatraya Jirekar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.52-56, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The leaves of Anadendron parviflorum leaves (APL) were utilized as a low-cost bio-adsorbent in this experimental study to remove acid green 1 an aqueous solution that contains dye. Adjusting the method that was used in the adsorption of the dye molecules are contact time, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, temperature, addition of salt, particle size, pH, and zero point pH. Both pseudo first order and pseudo second order kinetics , which were used to study adsorption kinetics. The rate of adsorption of acid green 1 dye is associated with kinetics that are of the pseudo first order. As a result, the adsorption technique demonstrates that APL has a high efficient adsorption capacity for acid green 1 dye.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Acid green 1 dye, Adsorption, Kinetics, APL, adsorbent.Adsorption capacity

  References
  [1] M. Khan, S. Zafar, H. Badar, M. Hussain, and Z. Shafiq, “Use of morus alba L. Leaves as biosorbent for the removal of Congo red dye,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol. 24, pp. 2251–2258, May 2015.
  [2] R. Ahmed, R. R. Rafia, and M. A. Hossain, “Kinetics and thermodynamics of acid red 1 adsorption on used black tea leaves from aqueous solution,” International Journal of Sciences, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 7–15, 2021, Accessed: Sep. 15, 2024.
  [3] G. Crini and E. Lichtfouse, “Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater treatment,” Environ Chem Lett, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 145–155, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10311-018-0785-9.
  [4] G. V. Krishna Mohan, A. Naga Babu, K. Kalpana, and K. Ravindhranath, “Removal of naphthol green B dye from polluted waters using hydrogen peroxide treated red mud,” Der Pharma Chemica, vol. 8, no. 19, pp. 403–414, 2016.
  [5] M. F. Attallah, I. M. Ahmed, and M. M. Hamed, “Treatment of industrial wastewater containing Congo Red and Naphthol Green B using low-cost adsorbent,” Environ Sci Pollut Res, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1106–1116, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-0947-4.
  [6] M. I. Khan et al., “Leaves powder of syzgium cumini as an adsorbent for removal of congo red dye from aqueous solution,” Fresenius Environ. Bull, vol. 27, pp. 3342–3350, 2018, Accessed: Sep.15,2024.
  [7] D. Jirekar, A. Pathan, and M. Farooqui, “Adsorption studies of Methylene blue dye from aqueous solution onto phaseolus aureus biomaterials.,” Orient. J. Chem, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1263–1269, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.13005/ojc/300342.
  [8] W. C. Wanyonyi, J. M. Onyari, and P. M. Shiundu, “Adsorption of Congo red dye from aqueous solutions using roots of Eichhornia crassipes: kinetic and equilibrium studies,” Energy Procedia, vol. 50, pp. 862–869, 2014, Accessed: Sep. 15, 2024.
  [9] E. L. Foletto, C. T. Weber, D. A. Bertuol, and M. A. Mazutti, “Application of Papaya Seeds as a Macro-/Mesoporous Biosorbent for the Removal of Large Pollutant Molecule from Aqueous Solution: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Mechanism Studies,” Separation Science and Technology, vol. 48, no. 18, pp. 2817–2824, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1080/01496395.2013.808213.
  [10] M Rajeswari,K Arivalagan “Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies on the Adsorption Behavior of Naphthol Green B Using Casuarina Equisetifolia Bark Carbon,”Sholars Journal of Engineering and Technology (SJET),vol.5(5) pp.221-225,2017 doi:10.21276/sjet

  Citation
  Sanket Sawant, Pramila Ghumare, Dattatraya Jirekar, "Adsorption and Kinetic Studies of Acid Green 1 Dye on Anadendron Parviflorum Leaves," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.52-56, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Cu Nps/Stilbite Zeolite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Synthesis of 4-Thiazolidinones and 2-Azetidinones

  Lakshman S. Gadekar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.57-59, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Copper nanoparticle deposited on stilbite zeolite act as an effective catalyst for the synthesis of 2-(substituted phenyl)-3-(5i-methyl thiazole)-4-thiazolidinones (4), 2-(substituted phenyl)-3-(5i-methyl thiazole)-5-methyl-4- thiazolidinones (5) and 4-(substituted phenyl)-3-chloro-1-yl-(5i-methyl thiazole)-2-azetidinones (6). These compounds were synthesized by cyclic condensation of thioglycolic acid, thiolactic acid and chloroacetyl chloride in presence of triethyl amine with different Schiffbases. The structures of synthesized compounds have been characterized on the basis of IR and 1H NMR spectra.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cu NPs/Stilbite zeolite, 4-thiazolidinones, azetidinones

  References
  [1] H.Staudinger; Liebigs Ann.Chem., 51, 356, 1907.
  [2] D.Bernard, R.J.Pierce, H.Patrick, L.J.Yjes; Eur.Pat.Appl.EP, 322, 296 (1990); Chem.Abstr., 111, 232799, 1990.
  [3] J.Metri, A.Zayed, H.Ahabi; Egypt J.Chem., 25, 187, 1982.
  [4] K.Ilumi, N.Kaoru, H.Sho, M.Michiohiko, I.Takao; PCT Int.Appl, 01, 423, 1994.
  [5] G.K.Rao, S.P.Chakraborty , P.N.S.Pai, M.S.Murthy; Asian J.Chem., 17, 2013, 2005.
  [6] S.A.Patil, Bagavant; J.Indian Chem.Soc., 71, 205, 1994.
  [7] S.R.Prabhu, S.R.Lokhande, Bhamaria, Khadse; Indian J.Chem., 26B, 857, 1987.
  [8] V.K.Ahluwalia, R.P.Singh, R.Singh; Indian J.Chem.,26B, 297, 1987.
  [9] A.M.Fahmy, K.M.Hassan, A.A.Khalaf, K. Shankar; Indian J.Chem., 268, 884, 1987.
  [10] K.Ladva, U.Dave, H.Parekh; Indian J.Heterocycl. Chem., 1, 249, 1992.
  [11] L.S. Gadekar, JETIR., 11(1), e715, 2024.

  Citation
  Lakshman S. Gadekar, "Cu Nps/Stilbite Zeolite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Synthesis of 4-Thiazolidinones and 2-Azetidinones," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.57-59, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Environmental Benefits of Using a Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Nickel Metal Ions from Portable Water

  Dattatraya Jirekar, Bhimraj Gawade, Ishwar Nannaware, Pramila Ghumare

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.60-66, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The study investigates the use of Matki seed husk (MtSH), a low-cost and abundant agricultural waste, as adsorbent for removing nickel metal ions from aqueous solutions. In this research, the effect of contact time, effect of temperature, effect of adsorption dose, pH and initial concentration of metal ions on MtSH adsorbent capacities has been investigated. The adsorption of Ni2+ metal ions was investigated by using pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetic models. The adsorption kinetics was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and equilibrium data were successfully fitted to the Freundlich models. The optimum adsorption was observed at pH 5, with spontaneous and exothermic adsorption. The study recommends MtSH as a cost-effective and easily available bio-adsorbent for removing toxic heavy Ni2+ metal ions from industrial wastewater. The bio-adsorbent can be reused up to five times without significant loss of adsorption capacity. Overall, this present study demonstrates that Matki seed husk can be a promising low-cost bio-adsorbent for the removal of Ni2+ metal ions from aqueous solution, offering significant environmental benefits. The results of this study can be used to develop cost-effective and sustainable strategies for wastewater treatment and pollution control.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Adsorbent, nickel metal ions, adsorption, isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics

  References
  [1] World Health Organization Guidelines for drinking-water quality fourth edition, 2022.
  [2] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous waste: Nickel, 2019.
  [3] Sadia Zafar, Dilara A. Bukhari, Abdul Rehman, Azo dyesdegradation by microorganisms – An efficient and sustainable approach, Saudi Journal of BiologicalSciences, vol.29, Issue 12, pp 1-9, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103437
  [4] Muhammad Zobayer Bin Mukhlish, Shekh Nazibunnesa, Shariful Islam, Abu Saleh Al Mahmood , Md Tamez Uddin, Preparation of chemically and thermally modified water caltrop epicarp (Trapa natans L.) adsorbent for enhanced adsorption of Ni (II) from aqueous solution, Heliyon. vol.9, Issue 11, 2023.
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21862.
  [5] P. K. Baskaran, B. R. Venkatraman, M. Hema and S. Arivoli, Adsorption studies of copper ion by low cost activated carbon. J. Chem. Pharm Res. Vol. 2, Issue 5, pp. 642-635, 2010.
  [6] C. B. Chandran, D. Singh, P. Nigam, Remediation of textile effluent using agricultural residues. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, Vol. 102, pp. 207-212, 2002.
  [7] Emad N. El Qada, Emad A. Abdelghany, Yehia H. Magdy., Utilization of activated carbon for the removal of basic dyes in fixed-bed International Journal ofEnergy and Environment, vol, 4, Issue 5, pp. 815-824, 2013.
  [8] Enrique Torres. Biosorption: A Review of the Latest Advances, Processes 2020, vol. 8, Issue 12, pp. 1-23, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121584.
  [9] A. Saeed, M. Sharif, M. Iqbal, Application potential of
  grapefruit peel as dye sorbent: kinetics, equilibrium and
  mechanism of crystal violet adsorption. Journal Hazardous Materials, vol. 179, Issue 1-3, pp. 564–572, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.041.
  [10] Puspa Lal Homagai, Rachana Poudel, Sujan Poudel, Ajaya Bhattarai, Adsorption and removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution by modified rice husk. Heliyon, vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 1-9, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09261.
  [11] Arunachalam Thirunavukkarasu, Rajarathinam Nithya,Raja Sivashankar, Continuous fixed-bed biosorption Process: A review, Chemical Engineering Journal Advances; vol. 8, pp. 1-23, 2021.
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100188.
  [12] Razia Sulthana, Syed Noeman Taqui, Akheel Ahmed Syed, Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solution using Industrial Pepper Seed Spent: Equilibrium, Thermodynamic, and Kinetic Studies, Adsorption Science & Technology, Vol. 6, pp. 1-20 https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9009214.
  [13] D. B. Jirekar, Ghumare Pramila, Comparative Study of Adsorption of Red Gram Seed Husk for the Adsorption of Congo Red, Crystal Violet, and Methylene Bluefrom Aqueous Solution, Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 07, Issue 3, pp 35-41, 2022. https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2022.v7.i03.pp35-41
  [14] Bulus Habila, Ukoha Pius O., Ezeh Emmanuel C., Oguejiofo Ujam T., Attah John C., Simon Moses S, Synthesis and Characterization of Immobilized Thiolactic Ligand System for the Detoxification of Tannery Wastewater, European Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 8, Issue 5, 18-27, 2020. https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.85.8790
  [15] S. J. Patil, A. G. Bhole and G. S. Natrajan, Scavenging of Ni (II) metal ions by adsorption on PAC and babhul bark, Jour. of Envioron. Sci. and Eng., vol. 48, Issue 3, pp. 203-208, 2006.
  [16] Halil Hasar, “Adsorption of nickel (II) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from almond husk”, J. Haz. Mat., vol. 97, Issue 1-3, pp. 49-57, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00237-6.
  [17] E Demirba?, M Kobya, S Oncel, S Sencan., Removal of Ni (II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto hazelnut shell activated caebon : equilibrium studies, Bioresource Technol., vol. 84, Issue 3, pp. 291-293, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00052-4.
  [18] Mao Yanli, Hu Hongwei, Yan Yongsheng and Ou Hongxiang, A novel extracellular biopolymer produced from Pseudomonas fluorescens C-2: preparation, characterisation and adsorption behaviours towards nickel (II) ions in aqueous solution, International Journal of Materials and Structural Integrity, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp.74-93, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMSI.2012.046189.
  [19] Lisbania Velarde, Mohammad Sadegh Nabavi, Edwin Escalera, Marta-Lena Antti, Farid Akhtar. Adsorption of heavy metals on natural zeolites: A review,Chemosphere, vol. 328, pp. 1-16, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138508.
  [20] Aiyesanmi, Ademola Festus Adebayo, Matthew Ayorinde, Okoronkwo, Afamefuna Elvis, Ekujumi, Oluwafemi, Adsorption of Nickel (II) from Aqueous Solution Using Leucaena leucocephala Shells, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng, Vol. 41, Issue 8, pp. 2755-2770, 2022.
  [21] Pranali Choudhari, Sarang S. Dhote, Mamata R. Lanjewar, Enhanced Nickel Removal from Aqueous Solutions using Chemically Modified Tabeubea Rosea Leaves Powder as Biosorbent. Mapana - Journal of Sciences, Vol. 23, Issue. 1, pp. 93-117, 2024. https://doi.org/10.12723/mjs.68.5.
  [22] S. A. Yahya, M. I. El-Barghouthi, A. H. El-Sheikh and G. M. Walker, “Effect of Solution pH, Ionic strength and temperature on adsorption behavior of rective dyes on activated Carbon”, Dyes and Pigment, Vol. 77, pp. 16-23, 2008.
  [23] Liu et al. Adsorption removal of nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution using modified peanut shell: A study using response surface methodology. Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 238, Issue 5, pp. 111-121, 2019.
  [24] D. B. Jirekara, Mazahar Farooqui; Adsorption of Congo Red Dye from Aqueous solution using Eco- Friendly low cost material prepared from Cicer arientinum, Arab J. Phys. Chem., vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 1-6, 2015.
  [25] Mazhar Farooqui, Sayyad Sultan, Maqdoom Farooqui, and S. H. Quadri, Adsorption studies of heavy metal ion by low cost agricultural by-products - Bajara Powder, Ind. J. of Chem. Techol. vol. 11, Issue 2, 190-193, 2004.
  [26] O. Hamdaoui, “Batch study of liquid-phase adsorption
  of methylene blue using cedar sawdust and crushed brick,” Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 135, Issue 1–3, pp. 264–273, 2006,
  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.062
  [27] E. Voudrias, K. Fytianos, and E. Bozani, “Sorption–
  desorption isotherms of dyes from aqueous solutions and wastewaters with different sorbent materials,” Global Nest Int. J, vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 75–83, 2002, Accessed:Sep.17,2024.[Online].Available:
  https://journal.gnest.org/sites/default/files/Journal%20Papers/vourdias.pdf.
  [28] S. Mohan and J. Karthickeyan "Removal of lighin and tannin colour from aqueous solution by adsorption on to activated carbon solution by adsorption on to activated charcoal, Environ. pollut., vol. 97,1Issue 1-2, pp. 83-187, 1997.
  [29] N. Kannan, and P. Sarojini. “Studies on the removal of manganese (II) ions by adsorption on commercial activated carbon” Ind. Env. Prot. Vol. 30, Issue 5, pp.404-408, 2010.
  [30] Hinda Lachheb, Eric Puzenat, Ammar Houas, Mohamed Ksibi, Elimame Elaioui, Chantal Guillard and Jean-Marie Herrmann; Photocatalytic degradation of various types of dyes (alizarin S, crocein orange G, methyl red, congo red, methyl biue) in water by UV- irradiated titania, Appl. Catalysis B:Env., vol. 39, 75-90, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(97)00025-0
  [31] Vipasiri Vimonses, Shaomin Lei, Bo Jin, Chris W. K. Chow and Chris Saint; Adsorption of congo red by three Australian kaolins, Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 43, Issue 3-4, pp. 465-472, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.11.008
  [32] Rais Ahmad and Rajeev kumar; Adsorptive removal of
  congo red dye from aqueous solution using bael shell
  carbon, Apll. Surf. Sci. vol. 257, Issue 5, pp. 1628-1633,
  2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.08.111
  [33] J. R. Kulkarni and V. S. Shrivastava; Removal of congo red (dye) by using chemically modified sawdust, Asian J. Chem. Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp. 795-799, 2004

  Citation
  Dattatraya Jirekar, Bhimraj Gawade, Ishwar Nannaware, Pramila Ghumare, "Environmental Benefits of Using a Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Nickel Metal Ions from Portable Water," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.60-66, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles via Chemical Co-Precipitation

  Dhonde Prerana Dnyandev, Tanaji N. Bansode

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.67-71, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The purpose of this research is to investigate the possible uses of synthesized and characterized metal oxide nanoparticles in a range of industries, including electronics, catalysis, and environmental remediation. The remarkable qualities of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as their large surface area, catalytic activity, and adjustable electrical and optical properties, make them very intriguing. Because of these qualities, they are perfect for many technical and industrial uses. This research used a chemical co-precipitation method to create oxide nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron, and cobalt. Synthesized nanoparticles show potential for application in environmental cleanup, sensor development, and other high-tech fields due to their customized features.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Characterization, Nanoparticles, Synthesis, Application, Metals

  References
  [1] Besenhard, Maximilian & Lagrow, Alec & Hodzic, Aden & Kriechbaum, Manfred & Panariello, Luca & Bais, Giorgio & Loizou, Katerina & Damilos, Spyridon & Cruz, M. & Thanh, Nguyen & Gavriilidis, Asterios. Co-Precipitation Synthesis of Stable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with NaOH: New Insights and Continuous Production via Flow Chemistry. Chemical Engineering Journal. 399. 125740, 2020. 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125740.
  [2] Durukan, M.B., Yuksel, R. and Unalan, H.E. Cobalt oxide nanoflakes on single walled carbon nanotube thin films for supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochimica Acta, 222, pp.1475-1482, 2016.
  [3] Fadli, Ahmad & Komalasari, Komalasari & Adnan, Arisman & Iwantono, Iwantono & Rahimah, & Addabsi, Adela. Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles via Co-precipitation Method. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 622. 012013, 2019. 10.1088/1757-899X/622/1/012013.
  [4] Hui, Beh & Salimi, M. Nabil. Production of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation method with Optimization Studies of Processing Temperature, pH and Stirring Rate. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 743. 012036, 2020. 10.1088/1757-899X/743/1/012036.
  [5] Jagtap, S.V., Tale, A.S. and Thakre, S.D. Synthesis by sol gel method and characterization of Co3O4 nanoparticles. Int. J. Res. Eng. Appl. Sci, 7, pp.1-6, 2017.
  [6] Kumar, N., Yu, Y.C., Lu, Y.H. and Tseng, T.Y. Fabrication of carbon nanotube/cobalt oxide nanocomposites via electrophoretic deposition for supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of materials science, 51(5), pp.2320-2329, 2016.
  [7] Kandpal, N.D. & Sah, Nitesh & Loshali, R. & Joshi, R. & Prasad, J. Co-precipitation method of synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 73. Pp.87-90, 2014.
  [8] Riaz, Saira & Bashir, Mahwish & Naseem, Shahzad. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Modified Co-Precipitation Method. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on. 50. Pp.1-4, 2014. 10.1109/TMAG.2013.2277614.
  [9] Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M., Naderi, H.R., Karimi, M.S., Ahmadi, F. and Pourmortazavi, S.M. Cobalt carbonate and cobalt oxide nanoparticles synthesis, characterization and supercapacitive evaluation. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 28(2), pp.1877-1888, 2017.
  [10] Rami, Jitesh & Patel, Chirag & Patel, Mansish. Synthesis and Characterization of Selected Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. ITM Web of Conferences. 65, 2024. 10.1051/itmconf/20246504006.
  [11] Salavati-Niasari, M., Khansari, A. and Davar, F. Synthesis and characterization of cobalt oxide nanoparticles by thermal treatment process. InorganicaChimica Acta, 362(14), pp.4937-4942, 2009.
  [12] Wadekar, K.F., Nemade, K.R. and Waghuley, S.A. Chemical synthesis of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles using Co-precipitation method. Res J Chem Sci, 7(1), pp.53-55, 2017.
  [13] Zhang, Q., Park, K., Xi, J., Myers, D. and Cao, G. Recent Progress in Dye?Sensitized Solar Cells Using Nanocrystallite Aggregates. Advanced Energy Materials, 1(6), pp.988-1001, 2011.

  Citation
  Dhonde Prerana Dnyandev, Tanaji N. Bansode, "Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles via Chemical Co-Precipitation," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.67-71, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  A Kinetic and Mechanistic Approach for Oxidation of Isoprenaline by Potassium Dichromate

  Syed Y.H.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.72-74, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The oxidation of Isoprenaline, a pharmaceutical compound was studied kinetically in an aqueous medium using potassium dichromate as the oxidant using spectrophotometer at 520 nm. The reaction rate was found to be first order with respect to both the substrate and the oxidant while it is independent of acid concentration. Stoichiometric analysis revealed that one mole of potassium dichromate is required to oxidize three moles of Isoprenaline. Initially a complex intermediate i.e. chromate ester is formed in the rate determining step which later oxidized to form the product. The activation parameters like change in enthalpy ?H, change in entropy ?S and Gibbs free energy change ?G, were calculated based on the results. The positive value of enthalpy change indicates the reaction is endothermic while the negative value of change in entropy indicates highly ordered reaction. The reaction product was found Isoprenaline N-oxide which is easy to remove from the aqueous system. The research will be very helpful for the degradation of Isoprenaline in aqueous medium by dichromate in bulk and maintaining the environmental balance.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Pharmaceuticals, Kinetics, Oxidation, Aqueous, Enthalpy

  References
  Bailey, N., Carrington, A., Lott, K. A. K., & Symons, M. C. R. 55. Structure and reactivity of the oxyanions of transition metals. Part VIII. Acidities and spectra of protonated oxyanions. Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed), pp.290–297, 1960.
  [2] Chimatadar, S. A., Madawale, S. V., &Nandibewoor, S. T., Mechanism of oxidation of hexamine by quinoliniumdichromate (QDC) in aqueous perchloric acid. https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/1150
  [3] Feigl, F. (1955). Organic Spot Test Analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 27(8), pp.1315–1318, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60104a031
  [4] Gupta, K. K. S., & Chakladar, J. K. Kinetics of the chromic acid oxidation of arsenic (III). Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, 2, pp.222–225, 1974.
  [5] Hussain, S., Agrawal, B. R., Pakhare, S. B., & Farooqui, M., Kinetic and mechanistic study of oxidation of ester by K2Cr2O7. International Journal of Chemistry Research, pp.8–10, 2011.
  [6] Hussain, S., & Hussain, S. Y. (n.d.). Oxidation Of Alcohols By Tetramethylammonium Fluorochromate?: A Kinetic Study.
  [7] Jiménez, M., García-Cánovas, F., García-Carmona, F., Iborra, J. L., & Lozano, J. A., Isoprenaline oxidation by tyrosinase: Intermediates characterization and kinetic study. Biochemistry International, 11(1), pp.51–59, 1985.
  [8] Joseph, J., & Nair, T. R. Effect of Substituents on the Kinetics of the Oxidation of Benzyl Chloride Using Acid-Dichromate. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 19(6), 4733, 2007.
  [9] Rangappa, K. S., Anitha, N., & Made Gowda, N. M. Mechanistic Investigations Of The Oxidation Of Substituted Phenethyl Alcohols By Manganese(Iii) Sulfate Catalyzed By Ruthenium(Iii) In Acid Solution. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, 31(8), pp.1499–1518, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1081/SIM-100107212
  [10] Sasaki, Y., Bjerrum, J., Timm, D., Sim, G. A., Theander, O., & Flood, H. Equilibrium Studies on Polyanions. 9. The First Steps of Acidification of Chromate Ion in 3 M Na (ClO4) Medium at 25 degrees C. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 16, pp.719–734, 1962.
  [11] Waters, W. A. Mechanisms of oxidation by compounds of chromium and manganese. Quarterly Reviews, Chemical Society, 12(4), pp.277–300, 1958.

  Citation
  Syed Y.H., "A Kinetic and Mechanistic Approach for Oxidation of Isoprenaline by Potassium Dichromate," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.72-74, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Role of Environmental Factors and Media Components in Fermentation of Citric Acid

  Nitin S. Muley, R.P. Phase, R.T. Parihar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.75-79, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  This study investigates the impact of various environmental and nutritional factors on citric acid production by Aspergillus niger strains N2, N10, and N12. Soil samples collected from diverse locations were used to isolate fungal cultures, and citric acid production was evaluated under different conditions. The effects of pH on citric acid yield were analyzed, revealing that the optimal pH for citric acid production across all strains was 4.5. At this pH, strain N12 achieved the highest yield of 3.9 mg/mL, while strains N2 and N10 produced 3.8 mg/mL and 3.7 mg/mL, respectively. Acidic conditions, particularly between pH 3.0 and 4.5, were found to be favorable for citric acid production. Sucrose concentration was examined, with the highest citric acid yield observed at 13% sucrose. Strain N12 exhibited the maximum yield of 3.6 mg/mL at this concentration. Higher sucrose levels, ranging from 15% to 18%, resulted in decreased citric acid production, suggesting a potential inhibitory effect of excessive sucrose. The influence of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was assessed, identifying 20 mg/L as the optimal concentration for citric acid production. At this level, strain N12 produced 3.9 mg/mL of citric acid, while lower and higher concentrations led to reduced yields, highlighting the importance of balanced MgSO4 levels for efficient citric acid synthesis. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) concentration was also varied, with the highest citric acid yield occurring at 400 mg/L. Strain N10 achieved the peak yield of 3.9 mg/mL at this concentration. Deviations from this optimal level resulted in decreased citric acid production, indicating that precise NaNO3 concentration control is crucial for maximizing yields. In conclusion, the study identifies optimal conditions for citric acid production in Aspergillus niger as a pH of 4.5, sucrose concentration of 13%, MgSO4 concentration of 20 mg/L, and NaNO3 concentration of 400 mg/L. These findings provide essential insights for optimizing fermentation processes to enhance citric acid production in industrial applications.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Citric Acid, Fermentation, Soil pH, Soil Analysis, Fungus, Citric Acid Production, Sucrose, Organic Acid

  References
  [1] Aftab Nadeem, Qurantulain Sayed, Shahjahan Baig, Mohammad Irfan and Mohammad Nadeem: Enhanced production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger M-101 using lower alcohol, Turkish Journal of Biochem. 35 (1), pp.7-13, 2010.
  [2] Kapoor K.K., Chaudary K. Tauro P. Citric acid In: Prescott and Dunn’s Industrial microbiology, Reed G. (ed) UK: Mac Millan Publisher Ltd P.P. pp.709-747, 1983.
  [3] Anand Kishor K., M. Praveen Kumar, V. Ravi Krishna and G. Venkat Reddy: Optimization of process variables of citric acid production using Aspergillus niger in a batch fermenter, Engineering Letter, 16:4, EL_4_17, 2008.
  [4] Citric acid market size, share & trends analysis report 2030. Grand View Research, 2023.
  [5] Ashish Kumar and V.K. Jain: Solid state fermentation studies of citric acid production, African Journal of Biotech Vol.7 (5) pp.644-650, 2008.
  [6] Abdullah – Al –Mahin, Shek Mehdi Hasan ,Mahboob Hossain Khan and Rehan Begum (2004) : Citric Acid production by Aspergillus niger through solid state cane bagasse, Banglades, Vol.25, Issue.1, pp-9-12, 2008.
  [7] Karaff L. and Kubicek C.P.: Aspergillus niger citric acid accumulation: Do we understand this well working black box? Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 61, pp.189-196, 2003.
  [8] Haq I., Ali S. and Qadeer M.A.: Fed batch culture studies during citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger GCMC-7. Biologia 45, pp.32-37, 2001.
  [9] Crolla A. and Kennedy K.J.: Optimization of citric acid production from Candida lypolytica Y-1095 using n-paraffin. Journ. of Biotech 89, pp.27-40, 2001.
  [10] Currie J.N.: The citric acid fermentation of Aspergillus niger, Can. Journal of microbiology 7, pp.447-453, 1917.
  [11] Gupta J.K., Heding L.G. &Jargensen O.B.: Effect of sugars, pH and Ammonium nitrate on formation of Citric acid by Aspergillus niger, Acta. Microbiology Acad. Science Hung. 23, pp.63-67, 1976.
  [12] Kovats J.: Studies on submerged citric acid fermentation, Acta microbiology pat 9, pp.275-287, 1960.
  [13] Prescott and Dunn: A Industrial microbiology, 4Th edition, CBS publisher and distributor, New Dehli, India, August, 1987, pp.710-715, 1987.
  [14] Sing, S.P.; Verma, U.N.; Kishor, M. and Samdani, H.K.: Effect of medium concentration on citric acid production by submerged fermentation. Orient Journal of Chemistry, March 1998, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.133-135, 1998.
  [15] Dhankar H.S., Ethiraj S. & Vyas S.R.: Effect of methanol on citric acid production from sugar cane molasses by Aspergillus niger, Indian Journ. of Technology, 12, pp.316-317, 1974.

  Citation
  Nitin S. Muley, R.P. Phase, R.T. Parihar, "Role of Environmental Factors and Media Components in Fermentation of Citric Acid," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.75-79, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Potentiometric Study of Complexes of Some Antibacterial Medicinal Drugs with Transition Metal Ions

  A.S. Jagtap, S.V. Thakur

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.80-86, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  This study investigates the potentiometric behavior of complexes formed between selected antibacterial medicinal drugs and transition metal ions. The study aims to elucidate the stability constants of these complexes and explore the implications for drug efficacy and metal ion chelation. Potentiometric titrations were performed to determine the stability constants of the drug-metal complexes in aqueous solutions at varying pH levels. The results provide insights into the coordination chemistry of these drugs, which could have significant implications for their pharmacological activity. Antibacterial drugs are widely used to treat bacterial infections, and their effectiveness can be influenced by their ability to form complexes with metal ions. Transition metal ions such as Fe²?, Co²?, Cu²?, and Zn²? play crucial roles in biological systems and can interact with drugs to form stable complexes. The study of these complexes is essential for understanding drug bioavailability.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Potentiometric titration, Antibacterial drugs, Transition metal ions, Stability constants, Complexation

  References
  [1] Mishra, A., & Tiwari, A. "Potentiometric Studies on Metal Complexes of Some Antibacterial Drugs." Journal of Indian Chemical Society, 93(8), pp.925-931, 2016.
  [2] Khan, M. A., & Ansari, Z. "Study of Metal Complexes of Antibiotics using Potentiometric Methods." Indian Journal of Chemistry - Section A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical & Analytical Chemistry, 56A(5), pp.485-491, 2017.
  [3] Gupta, R. K., & Singh, J. "Potentiometric and Spectroscopic Studies on the Complexation of Tetracycline with Transition Metal Ions." Asian Journal of Research in Chemistry, 12(4), pp.500-507, 2019.
  [4] Sharma, V., & Kaur, S. "Potentiometric and Thermodynamic Studies of Metal Complexes of Quinolone Derivatives." Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 13(3), pp.89-96, 2021.
  [5] Patel, D. H., & Mehta, P. A. "Determination of Stability Constants of Metal Complexes of Ciprofloxacin by Potentiometric Method." Journal of Chemical Sciences, 130(9), pp.89-95, 2018.
  [6] Chatterjee, S., & Banerjee, A. "Potentiometric Study of Drug-Metal Interactions: Complexes of Amoxicillin with Biologically Relevant Metal Ions."
  Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 82(7), pp.214-220, 2020.
  [7] Das, S., & Bhattacharyya, A. "Formation of Transition Metal Complexes with ?-Lactam Antibiotics: A Potentiometric Approach." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 26(4), pp.67-74, 2022.
  [8] Verma, A., & Tripathi, P. "Potentiometric Studies of Metal Complexes of Norfloxacin and Its Impact on Drug Activity." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(10), pp.4212-4218, 2018.
  [9] Lee, H., & Lee, S. Applications of analytical chemistry techniques in forensic science: A review. Analytical Sciences, 35(2), pp.123-136, 2019.
  [10] Agapiou, A. Recent advances in the application of mass spectrometry and its instrumental setup for forensic chemistry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 33(10), pp.1649-1676, 2018.
  [11] Lennard, C. J., & Stanley, C. M. (Eds.). Forensic microscopy for skeletal tissues: Methods and protocols, Vol.1878, 2019.
  [12] Alsop, L., & Matousek, P. Forensic applications of Raman spectroscopy: A review. Analytical Methods, 12(2), pp.141-155. 2020.
  [13] Stanley, C. M., & Lennard, C. J. (Eds.). Forensic science and humanitarian action: Interacting with the dead and the living Vol.1188, 2018.
  [14] David, N. N., & Black, S. (Eds.). Forensic science education and training: A tool-kit for lecturers and practitioners. Wiley, 2018.
  [15] Wilson, E. R., & Scrimgeour, R. J. (Eds.). Mass spectrometry imaging: Principles and protocols. Springer, 2019.
  [16] Caddy, B. Forensic DNA analysis: A laboratory manual. CRC Press, 2019.
  [17] DeForest, P.R. Analytical techniques in forensic science. John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
  [18] Ferrara, S. D., & Baccino, E. (Eds.). Forensic toxicology: Principles and concepts. Springer, 2018.

  Citation
  A.S. Jagtap, S.V. Thakur, "Potentiometric Study of Complexes of Some Antibacterial Medicinal Drugs with Transition Metal Ions," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.80-86, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Green and Efficient Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activity of Novel Schiff Base Ligand and their Transition Metal Complexes Derived From 4-((E)-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylimino) methyl)-2, 6-dimethoxyphenol

  S.P. Moharir, Ram B. Kohire, Sadashiv N. Sinkar

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.87-91, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The present work, microwave assisted green synthesis of novel Schiff base ligand 4-((E)-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol and its transition metal complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II),and Cd(II) were prepared under microwave irradiation as a green approach method. The novel Schiff base ligand was recognized by melting point and thin layer chromatography. Characterization was by elemental analysis, Infrared spectra 1HNMR spectra and mass spectroscopy. The metal complexes were identified by melting point, thin layer chromatography and their distinctive Colour. Metal complexes were characterized by Infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The antibacterial activities of the Schiff base ligand and its metal complexes were tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aurous and Salmonella Typhi.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Green synthesis, 2-Amino Benzothiazole, Thermal Study, Schiff Base Ligand, Antibacterial Activity

  References
  [1] Azza AA and Abu-Hussen, J. Coord Chem., 59, 157, 2006.
  [2] Mladenova R., Ignatova M., Manolova M., Petrova T. and Rashkov I., Eur. J. Polym, 38, 989, 2002.
  [3] Iqbal, J., Tirmizi, S. A., and Watto, F.H. Biological properties of chloro-salicylidene aniline and its complexes with Co(II) and Ni(II). Turk J. Biol., 30, pp.1-4, 2006.
  [4] Bagihalli, G. B., Patil, S. A., and Badami, P. S. Synthesis, physicochemical Investigation and biological studies of Zn(II) complexes with 1,2,4-triazole Schiff bases. J. Iran Chem. Soc., 6, pp.259-270, 2009.
  [5] Mahajan, K., Fahmi, N., and Singh, R. V. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of Sb(III) complexes of substituted thioimines. Indian J. Chem., 46A, pp.1221-1225, 2007.
  [6] Sharma, K., Singh, R., Fahmi, N., and Singh, R.V. (2010).
  [7] Microwave assisted synthesis,characterization and biological evaluation of palladium and platinum complexes with azomethines. Spectrochim. Acta A, 75, 422-428.
  [8] Mohanan, K., Kumari, B. S., and Rijulal, G. (2008) Microwave assisted synthesis, spectroscopic, thermal and antifungal studies of some lanthanide (III) complexes with heterocyclic bishydrazone. J. Rare Earths, 26, 16-21.
  [9] Sun, Y., Machala, M.L., and Castellano, F.N. (2010) Controlled microwave synthesis of RuII synthons and chromophores relevant to solar energy conversion. Inorg. Chim. Acta, 363, 283-287.
  [10] Garg, R., Saini, M.K., Fahmi, N., and Singh, R.V. (2006) Spectroscopic and biochemical studies of some manganese(II), oxovanadium(V) and dioxovanadium(VI) complexes S/O and Ndonor agents synthesized under microwave conditions. Trans. Met. Chem., 31: 362-371.
  [11] Mahajan, K., Swami, M., and Singh, R.V. (2009) Microwave synthesis, spectral studies, antimicrobial approach and coordination behavior of antimony (III) and bismuth (III) compounds with benzothiazoline. Russ. J. Coord. Chem., 35, 179-185.
  [12] Sridhar S.K., Saravanan M. and Ramesh A., Eur.J.Med.Chem., 36, 2001, 615.
  [13] Karthikeyan M.S., Prasad D.J., Poojary B., Bhat K.S., Holla B.S. and Kumari N.S.,Bioorg.Med.Chem., 14, 2006,7482.
  [14] Panneerselvam P, Nair R.R, Vijayalakshmi G.Subramanian E.H., and Sridhar S.K.,Eur.J.Med.Chem. 40, 2005, 225.
  [15] Campo R. et al. J. Inorg. Biochem. 89, 74, 2002.
  [16] Huang G.S., Liang Y.M., Wu X.L., Liu W.M. and Ma Y.X., Appl. Orgnomet. Chem., 17, 706, 2003.
  [17] Adams, J. P. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 125, 2000.
  [18] Macho, V.; Kralik, M.; Hudec, J.; Cingelova, J., J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 69, 209, 2004.
  [19] Abbaspour, A.; Esmaeilbeig, A. R.; Jarrahpour, A. A.; Khajeh, B.; Kia, R., Talanta, 58, 397, 2002.
  [20] Jarrahpour, A. A.; Motamedifar M.; Pakshir, K.; Hadi, N.; Zarei, M., Molecules, 9, 815, 2004.
  [21] Higuchi, M.; Yamamoto, K. Org. Lett, 1, 1881, 1999.
  [22] Yildirm L. T., Atakol O., Cryst. Res. Technol. 37, 1352, 2002.
  [23] Costamagna J., Vargas J., Latorre R., Alvarado A., Mena G., Coord. Chem. Rev., 119, 67, 1992.
  [24] Garnovski A. D., Nivorozhkin A. L., Coord. Chem. Rev., 126, 1, 1993.
  [25] Fedtchouk, Lozitsky V.P., Muratov E.N., Mescheriakov A.K., SAR & QSAR Environ. Res.16, 219, 2005.
  [26] Shi L., Ge M., Tan S.H., Li H.Q., Song Y.C., Zhu H.L. and Tan R.X., Eur.J.Med.Chem.42, 558, 2007.

  Citation
  S.P. Moharir, Ram B. Kohire, Sadashiv N. Sinkar, "Green and Efficient Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activity of Novel Schiff Base Ligand and their Transition Metal Complexes Derived From 4-((E)-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylimino) methyl)-2, 6-dimethoxyphenol," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.87-91, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Development and Validation of Analytical Methods for Pharmaceutical Drug Products

  Harshavardhan Tanpure, Jirekar D.B.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.92-94, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  This paper focuses on the development and validation of analytical methods to ensure the quality, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceutical drug products. The study covers various analytical techniques, including High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy, and Mass Spectrometry (MS), and their application in the quantitative analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). A case study on a model drug, Paracetamol (C8H9NO2), is presented to demonstrate the process of method development and validation. Stability studies were also conducted to evaluate the degradation profile of the drug under different conditions.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Analytical Methods, Pharmaceutical Drugs, Method Validation, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Paracetamol, Stability Studies

  References
  [1] International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Q2(R1), "Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology," 2005.
  [2] Snyder, L. R., Kirkland, J. J., & Dolan, J. W. "Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography," John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
  [3] Sharma, B. K. "Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis," Goel Publishing House, 2000.
  [4] ICH Q1A(R2) Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products, International Conference on Harmonisation, 2003.
  [5] Huber, L. Validation of Analytical Methods: Review and Strategy, LC-GC Europe, 20(5), pp.96-101, 2007.
  [6] Brittain, H. G. (Ed.). Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients, and Related Methodology, Vol. 41, Academic Press, 2016.
  [7] Jenke, D. R., Chromatographic Method Validation: A Review of Current Practices and Procedures, Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 37(3), pp.344-357, 2014.
  [8] Snyder, L. R., Kirkland, J. J., & Dolan, J. W. Practical HPLC Method Development, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
  [9] United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 42-NF 37, General Chapters: Validation of Compendial Procedures, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 2019.

  Citation
  Harshavardhan Tanpure, Jirekar D.B., "Development and Validation of Analytical Methods for Pharmaceutical Drug Products," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.92-94, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  The Role of Bioadsorbents in Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater: A Comparative Review

  Shriram Pathak, Vishwas Mane

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRCS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp.95-100, Oct-2024

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Heavy metal contamination in wastewater is a critical environmental issue, with metals like Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), and Lead (Pb) posing significant risks to both ecosystems and human health. Conventional treatment methods often fall short in efficiently removing these contaminants, particularly at low concentrations, and are associated with high costs and secondary pollution. This review paper explores the potential of bioadsorbents—natural materials derived from agricultural wastes, plant-based materials, animal by-products, and industrial residues—as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative for heavy metal removal. By examining the adsorption capacities, mechanisms, and effectiveness of various bioadsorbents, the study demonstrates their significant potential in wastewater treatment. The findings suggest that with further research and optimization, bioadsorbents could be widely adopted in industrial applications, providing a sustainable solution to heavy metal pollution.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Heavy Metal Contamination, Bioadsorbents, Wastewater Treatment, Chromium (Cr), Arsenic (As), Lead (Pb

  References
  [1] Singh, A., Gupta, P., & Kumar, P., “Current trends in the removal of heavy metals from industrial effluents using low-cost biosorbents,” Bioresource Technology Reports, Vol. 11, pp. 100570, 2020.
  [2] Kumar, R., & Gupta, A., “Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their impact on human health,” Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 1-7, 2018.
  [3] Gautam, R. K., Rawat, V., Banerjee, S., & Soni, S., “Contaminants of emerging concern in Indian water systems: A review,” Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, Vol. 16, Issue 6, pp. 1180-1201, 2014.
  [4] Zhang, W., Li, G., Li, X., & Wu, H., “Sources and health risks of heavy metals in soil from industrial areas in Shandong, China,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 249, pp. 1038-1047, 2019.
  [5] Gupta, S., & Sharma, A., “Environmental impact of heavy metal pollution in water and soil: A review,” International Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 13, Issue 4, pp. 923-932, 2019.
  [6] Järup, L., “Hazards of heavy metal contamination,” British Medical Bulletin, Vol. 68, Issue 1, pp. 167-182, 2003.
  [7] Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J., “Heavy metal toxicity and the environment,” Experientia Supplementum, Vol. 101, pp. 133-164, 2012.
  [8] WHO, manual 2017
  [9] Fu, F., & Wang, Q., “Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: A review,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 92, Issue 3, pp. 407-418, 2011.
  [10] Mohammad, S. S., Hashim, M. A., & Wasewar, K. L., “Adsorption of heavy metals using low-cost adsorbents: A review,” Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp. 28-36, 2010.
  [11] Barakat, M. A., “New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 4, Issue 4, pp. 361-377, 2011.
  [12] Van der Bruggen, B., & Vandecasteele, C., “Removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions by electrified membranes,” Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 12, Issue 3, pp. 30-34, 2003.
  [13] Crini, G., “Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 97, Issue 9, pp. 1061-1085, 2006.
  [14] Volesky, B., “Detoxification of metal-bearing effluents: Biosorption for the next century,” Hydrometallurgy, Vol. 59, Issue 2-3, pp. 203-216, 2001.
  [15] Nguyen, T. A., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W. S., & Pham, T. D., “Agricultural by-products as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 180, pp. 354-374, 2013.
  [16] Demirbas, A., “Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: A review,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 157, Issue 2-3, pp. 220-229, 2008.
  [17] Ahmad, R., & Mirza, A., “Bioadsorbents for heavy metal ions,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 44, Issue 2, pp. 77-90, 2010.
  [18] Diniz, V., Gurgel, L. V. A., & Gil, L. F., “Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by adsorption using by-products from sugarcane industry,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 172, Issue 1, pp. 145-155, 2019.
  [19] Rangabhashiyam, S., & Balasubramanian, P. (2019). The potential of lignocellulosic biomass precursors for biochar production and application: A review. Bioresource Technology, 272, 318-328.
  [20] Mohan, D., & Singh, K. P. (2002). Single- and multi-component adsorption of cadmium and zinc using activated carbon derived from bagasse—an agricultural waste. Water Research, 36(9), 2304-2318.
  [21] Naiya, T. K., Bhattacharya, A. K., Mandal, S., & Das, S. K. (2009). The sorption of lead (II) ions on rice husk ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163(2-3), 1254-1264.
  [22] Argun, M. E., Dursun, S., Ozdemir, C., & Karatas, M., “Heavy metal adsorption by modified oak sawdust: Thermodynamics and kinetics,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 141, Issue 1, pp. 77-85, 2007.
  [23] Sud, D., Mahajan, G., & Kaur, M. P., “Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions – A review,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp. 6017-6027, 2008.
  [24] Bansal, M., Singh, D., Garg, V. K., & Rose, P., “Use of agricultural waste for the removal of chromium from aqueous solution,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 171, Issue 1-3, pp. 83-92, 2009.
  [25] Annadurai, G., Juang, R. S., & Lee, D. J., “Adsorption of heavy metals from water using banana peel and orange peel,” Water Research, Vol. 36, Issue 9, pp. 2329-2339, 2002.
  [26] Iqbal, M., Saeed, A., & Zafar, S. I., “Physical and chemical modifications of distillery sludge for Pb(II) biosorption,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 166, pp. 457-462, 2009.
  [27] Memon, J. R., Memon, S. Q., Bhanger, M. I., & Khuhawar, M. Y., “Banana peel: A green and economical sorbent for Cr(III) removal,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 140, pp. 235-240, 2008.
  [28] Tsai, W. T., Yang, J. M., Lai, C. W., Cheng, Y. H., Lin, C. C., & Yeh, C. W., “Characterization and adsorption properties of eggshells and eggshell membrane,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 97, pp. 488-493, 2006.
  [29] Wu, C. H., Kuo, C. Y., & Kuo, W. S., “Low-cost biosorbents: The sorption of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions by dried plant leaves,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 181, pp. 237-242, 2010.
  [30] Bansal, R. C., & Goyal, M., “Activated Carbon Adsorption,” 1st edition, CRC Press, United States, pp. xx-xx, 2005.
  [31] Zhang, W., Li, G., Li, X., & Wu, H. (2019). Sources and health risks of heavy metals in soil from industrial areas in Shandong, China. Environmental Pollution, 249, 1038-1047.
  [32] Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H., “Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems,” Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 1, pp. 2-10, 2010.
  [33] Kratochvil, D., & Volesky, B., “Advances in the biosorption of heavy metals,” Trends in Biotechnology, Vol. 16, pp. 291-300, 1998.
  [34] Langmuir, I., “The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 40, pp. 1361-1403, 1918.
  [35] Freundlich, H., “Über die Adsorption in Lösungen,” Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Vol. 57, pp. 385-470, 1906.
  [36] Ho, Y. S., & McKay, G., “Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes,” Process Biochemistry, Vol. 34, pp. 451-465, 1999.
  [37] Lagergren, S., “Zur Theorie der sogenannten Adsorption gelöster Stoffe,” Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Vol. 24, pp. 1-39, 1898.

  Citation
  Shriram Pathak, Vishwas Mane, "The Role of Bioadsorbents in Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater: A Comparative Review," International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.5, pp.95-100, 2024