Volume-6 , Issue-3 , Jun 2019, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Phytosociological study of coastal flora of Devbhoomi Dwarka district and its islands in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat

  L. Das, H. Salvi, R. D. Kamboj

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.1-13, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.113

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The study described the diversity and phytosociological attributes of plant species (trees, shrubs and herbs) in coastal areas of Devbhoomi Dwarka District and its islands in the Gulf of Kachchh. A random sampling method was employed in this study. A total of 243 plant species were recorded of which trees and shrubs represented with 30 specieseach. Grasses & sedges were also represented by 30 species and 29 species were climbers. Among the tree and shrub species, Prosopis juliflora showed the highest density (373.51 ind. /ha), frequency (63.50.67%), relative density (30.19.7%), relative frequency (24.41%) and relative abundance (7.68%).Regarding herb species, Aristida redacta represented the highest density (3.97ind./sq.m) and frequency (39.02%). Moreover, the highest importance value index was measured in Prosopis juliflora (62.28) among trees & shrubs and Aristida redacta (31.51) among herbs. The Abundance/Frequency ratio of trees, shrubs and herb species showed contagious distribution pattern within the study area. The present study also includes α diversity (Shannon diversity index, Simpson`s Index, species richness, evenness index) of the coastal terrestrial plants.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Phytosociological, Abundance/Frequency, α diversity, Devbhoomi Dwarka, Gulf of Kachchh

  References
  [1]. R.H. Wagner, “The Ecology of dunes – strand habitat of North Carolina.Ecological Monogarphs”, Vol. 34, pp. 79-96, 1964.
  [2]. J. Dahm, G. Jenks and D. Bergin, “Community-based dune management for the mitigation of coastal hazards and climate change effects: A guide for local authorities.” Electronic database available at www.envbop.govt.nz/Reports/ClimateChange-0505- coastal hazards and climate Report, Pdf, Technical report, New Zealand, 2005.
  [3]. W. Burns, “A Study of the sea shore vegetation”, J. Bombey Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. 20, pp. 47-49, 1910.
  [4]. T. A. Rao, and B. Safui, “Some rare plants along Saurashtra coast and neighbouring islands”, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Vol. 58, Issue B, pp. 362-366, 1963.
  [5]. V.J. Chapman, “Coastal Vegetation”, Pergamon Press, London, pp.1-245, 1964.
  [6]. T.A. Rao, K.R. Aggrawal, “An Ecological studies of Saurastra coast and neighbouring islands. III. –Okhamandal point to Diu coastal areas”, UNESCO, Proc. Symp. Prob. Indian Arid Zone, Jodhpur. pp. 31-42, 1964.
  [7]. T.A., Rao, K.R. Aggrawal, “An Ecological studies of Saurastra coast and neighbouring islands. II. Beyt island”, Bull. Bot. Surv. India. Vol. 8, pp. 16-24. 1966.
  [8]. T.A., Rao, K.R. Aggrawal, and A. K. Mukherjee, “An Ecological studies of Saurastra coast and neighbouring islands. IV. Piram Island”, Bull. Bot. Surv. India, Vol. 8, pp. 60-67, 1966.
  [9]. S. K. Jain, “The vegetation and succession of plant communities in Kutch, Gujarat”, Proceedings of the Symposium on Recent Advances in Tropical Ecology, pp.426-437, 1968.
  [10]. R.K. Arora, and K. R. Aggrawal, “Observation on the vegetation of Malpe coast and neighbouring Islands”, J. Indian Bot. Soc., Vol. 44, Issue 3, pp. 314-325, 1965.
  [11]. T.A. Rao, “Distributional resume on the maritime strand flora of India”, Bull. Bot. Surv. India. Vol. 13, Issue 3-4, pp.192-202, 1971.
  [12]. N.P. Balakrishanan, “Andaman Islands- Vegetation & Florastics” In Saldanha, C.J. (ed.). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1989.
  [13]. L. K. Banerjee, “Conservation of coastal plant communities in India”, Bull. Bot. Surv. India Vol. 36(1-4), pp.160-165, 1994.
  [14]. L.K. Banerjee, “Coastal Wetland Plant Communities of India”, Manual of marine – Coastal pollution and its Abatement. Central Pollution Control Board, E.Zone, Calcutta, pp.120-127, 2000.
  [15]. L.K. Banerjee, “Diversity of Coastal Plant Communities in India”, ENVIS-EMCB, Botanical Survey of India, Ministry and Forests, Kolkata, 2002.
  [16]. B.P. Khokhariya, M. S. Mali, and Y. B. Dabgar, “Diversity Of Habitat And Biological Spectrum Of Bet Dwarka Island, Gujarat, India” Life Sciences Leaflets, Vol. 50, pp.11-18, 2014.
  [17]. Gujarat Ecological Commission, “Ecological Profile for Coastal talukas of GOK Overview Report”, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 2014.
  [18]. http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016 17/Dev%20Bhumi%20Dwarka-%202016-17.pdf
  [19]. http://www.icmam.gov.in/ GOK.PDF
  [20]. http://www. gsdma.org/rainfall. Aspx
  [21]. K. A. Kershaw, “Quantitative and Dynamic plant ecology”, 2nd Edn, Edward Arnold, London, pp.308, 1973.
  [22]. R. Mishra, “Ecology Work Book”, Oxford and IBH publishing Co., Calcutta, 1968.
  [23]. C. D. Bonham, “Measurements for terrestrial Vegetation”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y. pp. 338. (1989).
  [24]. T. Cooke, “The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay”, Taylon & Francis, London. (1901-1908).
  [25]. H. Santapau, “The flora of Saurashtra, Part I. Rannunculaceae to Rubiaceae”, Saurashtra Research Society, Rajkot, Vol-1, 1962.
  [26]. H. Santapau, and K. P. Janardhanan, “Provided the flora of Saurashtra; check list”, Bull. Bot. Surv. India Vol. 8 (supplement 1), pp. 1-58, 1966.
  [27]. P. V. Bole, and J. M. Pathak, “Flora of Saurashtra”, Part 2 & 3, Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, 1988.
  [28]. G. L. Shah, “Flora of Gujarat State”, Vol. I & II. Sardar Patel University Press, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 1978.
  [29]. R.S., Shukla and P.S Chandel, “Plant Ecology and Soil Science”, 9th.Ed. S. Chand & Company Limited, Ramnagor, New Delhi, 2000.
  [30]. P.B. Whitford, “Distribution of woodland plants in relation to succession and clonal growth”, Ecology, Vol. 30, pp.199–208, 1948.
  [31]. P. Michael, “Ecological methods for field and laboratory investigation”, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 404, 1990.
  [32]. E. H. Simpson, “Measurement of diversity”, Nature, Vol. 163, pp. 688, 1949.
  [33]. E. C. Pielou, “The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections” J. Theoret. Biol., Vol. 13, pp. 131-144, 1966.
  [34]. R. Margalef, “Temporal succession and spatial heterogeneity in phytoplankton”, In: Perspectives in Marine biology, Buzzati-Traverso (ed.), Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, pp. 323-347, 1958.
  [35]. S.B. Frackler, and H.A. Brischle, “Measuring the local distribution of Ribes”, Ecology, Vol. 25, pp. 283-303, 1944.
  [36]. L.M.C. Cole, “A theory for analysing contagiously distributed population, Ecology”, Vol. 2, pp.329-341, 1946.
  [37]. E. Ashby, “Statistical Ecology: A re-assessment”, Bot. Rev., Vol. 14, pp. 222-224, 1948.
  [38]. J. T. Curtis and G. Cottam, “Plant Ecology Work Book – Laboratory Field Reference Manual”, Burgress Publication Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 193. 1956.
  [39]. J. T., Curtis. And R. P. McIntosh, “An Upland continuum in the Praine Forest Border region of Wisconsin, Ecology”, Vol.32, pp. 476-496, 1951.
  [40]. M.Al-Amin, M. Alamgir, and M. R. A. Patwary, “Composition and Status of Undergrowth of a Deforested Area in Bangladesh”, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 3, pp. 651-654, 2004.
  [41]. E. P. Odum, “Fundametals of ecology”, Saunders Compny Philadelphia, USA, 1971.
  [42]. M. R. Ardakani, “Ecology”, Tehran University Press, pp. 340, 2004.
  [43]. S Robertson, “Biodiversity in a Florida Sandhill Ecosystem”, Undergraduate Journal of Mathematical Modeling: One + Two, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 6, 2009.
  [44]. M. Barbour, J. H. Burk, W. D. Pitts, F. S. Gillians, M. W. Schwartz, “Terrestrial Ecology”, Chicago, Illinois: Addson Wesley Longman, Inc, pp. 69-85, 1999.
  [45]. K. C. Misra, “Manual of Plant Ecology”, 3rd Edition, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi , 1989.
  [46]. M. Lloyd, and R. J. Ghelardi, “A table for calculating the "equitability" component of species diversity”, Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 33, pp. 217-225, 1964.
  [47]. C. J. Krebs, “Ecologocal methodology” Harper & Row, New York, pp. 1-471, 1989.
  

  Citation
  L. Das, H. Salvi, R. D. Kamboj, "Phytosociological study of coastal flora of Devbhoomi Dwarka district and its islands in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.1-13, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Cytotoxic effects and Identification of bioactive metabolites from crude extract of potential probiotic bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefacians CS4, isolated from the gut of freshwater fish Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)

  Nobel surya pandi durai R, Aiswarya D, Amutha V, Sethuraman G, Perumal P

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.14-19, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.1419

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  In the present study, the crude secondary metabolites were extracted from the potential probiotic bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefacians CS4 using solvent ethyl acetate and the cytotoxicity of bacterial extract was assessed against HeLa cell line through MTT assay. The crude extract exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cell lines with the effective half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 121.65µg/ml. The brine shrimp toxicity assay of crude extract revealed half maximal lethal concentration (LC50) value at 93.377μg/ml against Artemia salina. The zebra fish (Danio rerio) embryos were treated with different concentrations of extract upto 72 hpf and was found lowest survivability (36.6 %) at 200μg/ml concentration. The bioactive compounds and their functional groups of crude extract were identified using GC-MS and FTIR analyses. The secondary metabolites produced by B. amyloliquefacians CS4 have caused potential cytotoxic effects on cancer cell line and these compounds could be possibly used for the development of therapeutic agents, in relation to cancer drug discovery.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Anticancer activity, Bacillus amyloliquefacians, Secondary metabolites, Brine shrimp assay, GC-MS

  References
  [1]. M.S. Butler, “Natural products to drugs: Natural productderived compounds in clinical trials”, Natural Product Report, Vol. 25, pp-475–516, 2008.
  [2]. W.F. Safari, E. Chasanah, A.T. Wahyudi, “Antibacterial and anticancer activities of marine bacterial extracts and detection of genes for bioactive compounds synthesis”, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Vol. 8, Issue. 2, pp. 55-59, 2016.
  [3]. H. Sugita, Y. Hirose, N. Matsuo, and Y. Deguchi, “Production of the antibacterial substance by Bacillus sp. Strain NM 12, an intestinal bacterium of Japanese coastal fish”, Aquaculture. Vol. 165, pp. 269–280, 1998.
  [4]. R. Somayeh, R. Ali, H. Mehrdad and N. Tahereh, “Artemia salina as a model organism in toxicity assessment of nanoparticles”. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 23, DOI 10.1186/s40199-015-0105-x, 2015
  [5]. A. K. Neu, M. Månsson, L. Gram, M.J. Prol-García, “Toxicity of Bioactive and Probiotic Marine Bacteria and Their Secondary Metabolites in Artemia sp. and Caenorhabditis elegans as Eukaryotic Model Organisms”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vo.1, pp. 146–153, 2013.
  [6]. D.J. Newman, and G.M. Cragg, “Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Last 25 Years”, Journal of Natural Products, Vol. 70, pp. 461-477, 2007.
  [7]. X.H. Chen, A. Koumoutsi, R. Scholz, A. Eisenreich, K. Schneider, I. Heinemeyer, B. Morgenstern, B. Voss, W.R. Hess, O. Reva, H. Junge, B. Voigt, P.R. Jungblut, J. Vater, R. Sussmuth, H. Liesegang, A. Strittmatter, G. Gottschalk and R. Borriss, “Comparative analysis of the complete genome sequence of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Fzb42”, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 25, pp. 1007–1014, 2007.
  [8]. R.K. Ganguly, S. Midya, and S.K. Chakraborty, “Antioxidant and Anticancer Roles of a Novel Strain of Bacillus anthracis Isolated from Vermicompost Prepared from Paper Mill Sludge”, BioMed Research International. Vol. 1, article ID 1073687, pp. 7, 2018.
  [9]. E. Hinarejos, M. Castellano, I. Rodrigo, Bacillus subtilis IAB/BS03 as a potential biological control agent, European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 146, pp. 597–608, 2016.
  [10]. R. Nagel, “Dar T: the embryo test with the zebrafish Danio rerioa general model in ecotoxicology and toxicology”. Altex, Vol. 19, pp. 38–48, 2002.
  [11]. E. Sansinenea and A. Ortiz, “Secondary metabolites of soil Bacillus spp.”, Biotechnology Letters, Vol. 33, pp. 1523–1538, 2011.
  [12]. G.H. Park, H.M. Song, Y.S. Kim, Y. Jeon, J.S. Koo, H.J. Jeong, & J.B. Jeong, “Anti-cancer activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AK-0 through cyclin D1 proteasomal degradation via GSK3 dependent phosphorylation of threonine-286”, Die Pharmazie, Vol. 72, pp. 348–354, 2017.
  [13]. R. Ramasubburayan, S. Sumathi, D. MagiBercy, G. Immanuel, and A. Palavesam, “Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of mangrove associated bacterium Bacillus subtilis RG”, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, Vol. 4, pp. 158–165, 2015.
  [14]. D. R. Ammons, J.D. Short, J. Bailey, G. Hinojosa, L. Tavarez, M. Salazar and J.N. Rampersad, “Anti-cancer Parasporin Toxins are Associated with Different Environments: Discovery of Two Novel Parasporin 5-like Genes”, Current Microbiology, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-015-0934-3.
  [15]. A. Manilal, S. Sujith, G.S. Kiran, J. Selvin, and C. “Shakir, Cytotoxic potentials of red algae, Laurencia brandenii collected from the Indian coast”, Global Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 3, pp. 90–94, 2009.
  [16]. M.O. Ullah, M. Haque, K.F. Urmi, A.H.M. Zulfiker, E.S. Anita, M. Begum, K. Hamid, “Anti–bacterial activity and brine shrimp lethality bioassay of methanolic extracts of fourteen different edible vegetables from Bangladesh. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, Vol. 3, pp. 1–7, 2013.
  [17]. R. Embry, S. E. Belanger, T. A. Braunbeck, “The fish embryo toxicity test as an animal alternative method in hazard and risk assessment and scientific research”, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 97, pp. 79–87, 2010.
  [18]. S. Glaberman, S. Padilla, and M.G. Barron, “Evaluating the zebrafish embryo toxicity test for pesticide hazard screening,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry”, Vol. 36, pp. 1221–1226, 2017.
  [19]. G. Balasubramani, D. Arul, C. Kamaraj, P. Deepak, D. Aiswarya, K. Jothimani, P. Santhanam, P. Perumal, “Comparative extraction of Salmonella bongori derived metabolites and their toxicity on bacterial pathogens, mosquito-larvae, zebrafish-embryo and brine-shrimp: A modified approach”, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Vol. 169, pp. 192–206, 2019.
  [20]. M. Gopi, N. Balachandran Dhayanithi, K. Nanthini Devi, T. T. Ajith Kumar, “Marine natural product, Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-(C7H10N2O2) of antioxidant properties from Bacillus species at Lakshadweep archipelago”, Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, Vol. 2, pp. 636-641, 2014.
  

  Citation
  Nobel surya pandi durai R, Aiswarya D, Amutha V, Sethuraman G, Perumal P, "Cytotoxic effects and Identification of bioactive metabolites from crude extract of potential probiotic bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefacians CS4, isolated from the gut of freshwater fish Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.14-19, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of synthetic pyrethroids Cyfluthrin and Fenvalerate on Nucleic acid contents of fresh water fish Gambusia affinis

  S.Mohammed Ghouse

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.20-30, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.2030

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  India is a country with more than 60–70% of its population dependent on agriculture. Rapid industrialization and successful green, white and blue revolutions have necessitated a large variety of chemicals/pesticides usage resulting environmental pollution which has become not only a national but a global problem. Fish occupy a prominent position in the field of aquatic toxicology and have been employed in studies concerning ecological health. In the present investigation two synthetic pyrethroids were selected namely Cyfluthrin and Fenvalerate to evaluate their toxicity on Gambusia affinis. In the present study there is significant decline in DNA content in the gill, liver and kidney tissues is observed, when the fish Gambusia affinis is exposed to the cyflthrin and fenvalerate. Decreases in the DNA content due to inhibition of the enzymes in DNA synthesis. The declines in RNA level in treated fish due to obstruction in RNA synthesis. Resulting in the swelling and chromatolysis of Nissle bodies which are rich in RNA. Pesticides may influence directly or modify DNA, other cellular process associated with the integrity of the genome.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  India, agro-based country, pesticides, fish, DNA, RNA decline

  References
  [1]. Odum, E.P., 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology (W.B.Saunders), Toppanlo, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
  [2]. Mathur , S.C. 1999. Future of Indian pesticides industry in next millennium. Pesticide Information. 24(4): 9-23.
  [3]. Latner, A.L., 1975. In: Clinical biochemistry (Ed.: Contarow and Trumper). Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp: 182-192.
  [4]. Venkataramana, G.V., P.N. Sandhya Rani and 14. P.S. Murthy, 2006. Impact of Malathion on the biochemical parameters of gobiid fish, Glossogobius giuris (Ham). J. Environ. Biol., 27: 119-122.
  [5]. Anitha Susan, T.1999. Toxicity and effect of synthetic pyrethroid fenvalerate on the metabolism of the three Indian major carps Labeo rohita, Catla Catla and Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham). Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Nagarjuna University, A.P. India.
  [6]. Rathod, D.S., M.V. Lokhande and V.S. Shembekar, 2009. Toxic impact of the biochemical composition of vital tissues of fish, Arias dussumieri. Shodh, Samiksha and Mulyankan, 2: 147-149.
  [7]. Satyavardhan, K., 2010. Effect of fenvalerate TM on various tissues of Channa punctatus (Bloch). World Appl. Sci. J., 10: 70-74.
  [8]. Yaji, A.G., J. Auja, S.J. Oniye, J.A. Adakole and J.I. Usman, 2011. Effect of Cypermethrin on behavior and biochemical indices of freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus.
  [9]. Farah MA, Atteq B, Ali MN and Ahmad W. Evaluation of genotoxicity of PCP and 2,4d by micronucleus test in freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. (2003)54: 25-29.
  [10]. Handy RD, Jha AN and Depledge MH. Biomarker approaches for ecotoxicological biomonitoring at different levels of biological organization. In Burden, F., McKelview, I., Forstner, U., Guenther, A (eds). Handbook of Environmental Monitoring, MCGraw Hill, New York (2001) 9.1-9.32.
  [11]. EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet: Cyfluthrin. 1987. Fact Sheet No. 164 EXTOXNET. 2001. Cyfluthrin. Available online http://ace.orst.edu/cgi-bin/mfs/01/pips/cyfluthr.html
  [12]. Adams K J, Chavasse DC, Mount DL, Carneiro IA, Curtis CF (2002) Comparative insecticidal power of three pyrethroids on netting. Med Vet Entomol 16:106–108.
  [13]. Farm Chemical Handbook. 1993. Meister Publishing Company. Vol. 79.
  [14]. Hamman, I. And R. Fuchs. 1981. ®Baythroid, a new insecticide. Pflanzenschutz- Nachrichten, 34(2):121-151.
  [15]. Bradbury, S.P., Coats, J.R., 1989. Comparative toxicology of the pyrethroid insecticides. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 108, 133–177.
  [16]. Benli, A.C.K., 2005. Investigation of acute toxicity of cyfluthrin on tilapia fry (Oreochromis niloticus L. 1758). Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 20, 279–282.
  [17]. Al-Makkawy, H.K., Madbouly, M.D., 1999. Persistence and accumulation of some organic insecticides in Nile water and fish. Resour. Conser. Recycl. 27, 105–115.
  [18]. Wolansky, M.J., Harrill, J.A., 2008. Neurobehavioral toxicology of pyrethroid insecticides in adult animals: a critical review. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 30, 55–78.
  [19]. Livingstone, D.R. 2001. Contaminant-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage in aquatic organisms. Bulletin of Marine Pollutants, 42: 656-666.
  [20]. Kim, J., Chehade, J., Pinnas, J.L., Arshag, D., Mooradian, A.D., 2000. Effect of select antioxidants on malondialdehyde modification of proteins. Nutrition 16, 1079–1081.
  [21]. Meister, R.T. 1995. Farm Chemicals Handbook `95. Meister Publishing Company. Willoughby, OH.
  [22]. Veeraiah, K. and M.K. Durga Prasad: Study on the toxic effects of cypermethrin (technical) on organic constituents of freshwater fish. Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Proc. Acad. Environ. Biol., 7, 143-148(1998).
  [23]. Tilak KS, Satyavardan K, Thathaji PB (2003). Biochemical changes induced by Fenvalerate in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus. J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., 13: 261-270.
  [24]. Tripathi, G. and Verma, P. 2004. Fenvalerate induced changes in a catfish, Clarias batrachus: metabolic enzymes, RNA and protein. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 138C: 75-79.
  [25]. Sakr, S.A., S.M. Jamal and AI lail: Fenvalerate induced histopathological and histochemical changes in the Liver of the cat fish Clarias Gariepinus. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 1, 263-267 (2005).
  [26]. Babu velmurugan, Mariadoss selvanayagam, Elif I. Cengiz and Erhan Unlu: The Effects of Fenvalerate on different tissues of fresh water fish Cirrhinus mrigala. J. Environ. Sci. Hlth., Part-B, 42, 157-163 (2007).
  [27]. Ramaneswari, K. and L.M. Rao: Influence of endosulfan and monocrotophos exposure on the activity of NADPH cytochrome C reductase (NCCR) of Labeo rohita (Ham). J. Environ. Biol., 29, 183-185 (2008).
  [28]. Majumdar, T.N. and A. Gupta: Acute toxicity of endosulfan and malathion on Chironomus ramosus (Insecta : Diptera : Chironomidae) from north Cachar hills, Assam, India. J. Environ. Biol., 30, 469-470 (2009).
  [29]. Madan, V.K., Singh, R., Kumari, B., Naresh, J.S., Kathpal, T.S. 2000. ”Dissipation of lindane and fenvalerate residues in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Indian climatic conditions”. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 46: 163-166.
  [30]. Jagan, P., Reddy, M. S. and Rao, A. P. 1989. Effect of certain insecticides on the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio carpio, L. Indian Journal of Environmental Biology, 10 (2): 135-138.
  [31]. Tandon S.S., Srivastava P.P., Mukherjee S.C. and Saharan N., 2005. Acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids to Indian major carp, Catla catla L., Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 74:60-613.
  [32]. Singh, S. P., Chaudhary, R. and Gaur, K. K. 2007. A study of toxicity and behavior of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) after intoxication of carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid fenvalerate. J. Ecophysiol. Occup. Hlth. 7: 41-45.
  [33]. Bradbury S.P., Coats J.R. and Mckim J.M., 1985. Differential toxicity and uptake of two fenvalerate formulations in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol Chem., 4:533-541.
  [34]. Chapman, R.A., Tu, C.M., Harris, C.R and Cole, C. 1981. Persistence of five pyrethroid insecticides on Rainbow trout. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 : 513-519.
  [35]. Chapman, R.A. and Harris, C.R. 1981. Persistance of four pyrethroid insecticides in sterile and natural, mineral and organic soil, Bull. Environ. Contom. Toxicol, 20: 513-519.
  [36]. Miyamoto J (1976): Degradation metabolism and toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid. Environmental Health Perspectives, 14,15-28.
  [37]. Casida JE, Benett JP, Vickery BH, Gammon DW(1983): Mechanism of selective action of pyrethroid insecticide. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 23, 413-438.
  [38]. Finney DT. Probit Analysis, 3rd edit. Cambridge University Press. London, 1971
  [39]. Smith TM, Stratton GW (1986) Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on nontarget organisms. Res Rev 97:93–119.
  [40]. Schneider, W.C. (1957) Determination of Nucleic Acids in Tissues by Pentose Analysis. In: Colowick, S.P. and Kaplan, W.O., Eds., Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, New York, 680-684.
  [41]. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/69100/9/09_chapter%202.pdf.
  [42]. Walton D G, Acton A B and Stich H F (1984) DNA repair synthesis following exposure to chemical mutagens in primary liver, stomach and intestinal cells isolated from rainbow trout. Cancer Res. 44, 1120-1121.
  [43]. Espina N G and Wesis P (1995) DNA repair in fish from polluted estuaries. Mar. Environ. Res. 39, 309-312.
  [44]. Haqqi, T.M. and Adhami, U.M. 1979. Effect of apholate (ENT 26216, NSC 26812) on nucleic acids, total protein content and activity levels of aminotransferases (GOT, GPT), alkaline phosphatase and 5-nucleotidase in liver of male albino rats. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 17: 488- 492.
  [45]. Durairaj, S. and Selvarajan, V.R.1992. Influence of quinalphos, an Organophosphorous Pesticide, on the Biochemical constituents of the tissues of fish, Oreochromis mossambicus J.Environ. Biol. 13(3): p. 181-185.
  [46]. Abou-Donia, M.B., Lapadul, D.M. and Carrington, C.D. 1988. Biochemical methods for assessment of neurotoxicity. In: Perspectives in basic and applied toxicology (Ed: B. Ballantyne). Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London, 1-30.
  [47]. Singh, K.S., Singh, S.K.S. and Yadav, R.P. 2010.Toxicological and biochemical alterations of cypermethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) against freshwater teleost Colisa fasciatus at different seasons. World J. Zool., 5(7): 25-32.
  [48]. Van Loon, A.A.W.M., Groenendijk, R.H., Van DerShcanslohman, P.H.M. and Bran, R.A. 1991. Detectionof induced damage in DNA in human blood exposed to ionic radiation at biologically relevant doses. Int. J. Rad. Biol., 59: 651-660.
  [49]. Gowri, B., Govindassamy, P. and Ramalingam, V. 2013. Influence of Cypermethrin on DNA and RNA Content in Different Organs of Freshwater Fish Cyprinus carpio. Iran. J. Pharm. Sci., 9(3): 1-10.
  [50]. Veeraiah, K., Vivek, Ch., Srinivas Rao, P. and Venkatrao, G. 2013. Biochemical Changes induced by Cypermethrin (10% EC), A Pyrethroid Compound in Sublethal and Lethal Concentrations to the Freshwater Fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). J. Atom. Mol., 3(6): 625-634.
  [51]. Thakur, A.C. and Kakde, V.R. 2012. Influence of Cypermethrin on DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA Ratio in Muscles of the Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus. Int. Interdisci. Res. Jour., 2: 38-42.
  [52]. Tiwari, S., Tiwari, R. and Singh, A. 2012. Impact of Cypermethrin on Fingerlings of Common Edible Carp (Labeo rohita). The Scient. World Jour., 1: 1-7.
  [53]. Singh, K.S., Singh, S.K.S. and Yadav, R.P. 2010.Toxicological and biochemical alterations of cypermethrin (synthetic pyrethroid) against freshwater teleost Colisa fasciatus at different seasons. World J. Zool., 5(7): 25-32.
  [54]. Vasantharaja, C., Pugazhendy, C., Meenaambai, M., Prabukaran, S. and Dar, N.A. 2013. Properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum against the toxic effect of cypermethrin in the quantification of nucleic acids in the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Int. Res.J. Pharm., 4(1): 280-283.
  [55]. Raksheskar, G.A. 2012. Influence of cypermethrin on DNA, RNA and RNA/DNA ratio in gills of the freshwater fish Channa striatus. Biosci. Disc., 3: 17-19.
  [56]. Kumar, A., Sharma, B. and Pandey, R.S. 2007. Preliminary evaluation of the acute toxicity of cypermethrin and λ- cyhalothrin to Channa punctatus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 79: 613- 616.
  [57]. Tripathi, G, ., (2002): J. Environ Bio.vol-23, issue 2, pg 143–146.
  [58]. Maruthanayagam, C, and Sharmila, G, (2004),Nature Env. Polln. Techn. Vol-3, issue 4, pg 491–494.
  [59]. Tripathi, P. K,., (2003), Asian fisheries Sci. issue 16, pg 349–359.
  

  Citation
  S.Mohammed Ghouse, "Effects of synthetic pyrethroids Cyfluthrin and Fenvalerate on Nucleic acid contents of fresh water fish Gambusia affinis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.20-30, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of anti-snake venom effects of Acalypha fruticosa leaves against Indian Saw-scaled viper by using envenomed Wistar albino rats

  Malathi Ramaswamy, Sivakumar Duraikannu, Chandrasekar Solaimuthu

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.31-40, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.3140

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Indian saw-scaled viper are one of the highly venomous snake found in Indian subcontinent and its venom has a wide variety of toxic compounds and it can able to causing severe envenoming characterized by severe pharmacological effects. The traditional knowledge on the Acalypha fruticosa plant was clearly states that this plant was used against the venomous bites and stings. In best of our knowledge, there were no any scientific reports to justify the anti-snake venom potential of this plant. The main objective of the present research work was to evaluate the anti-snake venom activity of A. fruticosa against Indian saw-scaled viper venom using envenomed animal model. The effects of ethanolic leaves extract of A. fruticosa on hematological parameters of experimental rats, saw-scaled viper venom induced liver toxicity, renal toxicity and blood metabolites was analyzed in experimental rats. In the present study, the ethanolic leaves extract of A. fruticosa leaves was inhibited the venom induced changes in hematological parameters. The plant extract was effectively decreased the saw-scaled viper venom induced liver toxicity and renal toxicity in experimental rats. The observed results clearly states that the A. fruticosa leaves has potent snati-snake venom activity.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Anti-snake venom, saw-scaled viper, A. fruticosa, Wistar rats, liver function markers and hematological parameters

  References
  [1]. Slagboom J, Kool J, Harrison RA, Casewell NR. Haemotoxic snake venoms: their functional activity, impact on snakebite victims and pharmaceutical promise. Br J Haematol, 2017; 177: 947–959.
  [2]. Kini RM, Fox JW. Milestones and future prospects in snakevenom research. Toxicon, 2013; 62: 1–2.24.
  [3]. Fatima LD, Fatah C. Pathophysiological and pharmacological effects of snake venom components: molecular targets. J Clin Toxicol, 2014; 4: 1-9.
  [4]. Fahmi L, Makran B, Boussadda L, Lkhider M, Ghalim N. Haemostasis disorders caused by envenomation by Cerastes cerastes and Macrovipera mauritanica vipers. Toxicon, 2016; 116: 43-48.
  [5]. Gomes A, Das R, Sarkhel S, Mishra R, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S. Herbs and Herbal constituent active against snake bite. Indian J Exp Biol, 2010; 48: 865-878.
  [6]. Warrell DA, Gutierrez JM, Calvete JJ, Williams D. New approaches and technologies of venomics to meet the challenge of human envenoming by snakebites in India. Indian J Med Res, 2013; 138: 38-59.
  [7]. Kanojia A, Chaudhari KS, Gothecha VK. Medicinal plants active against snake envenomation. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm, 2012; 3(3); 363–6.
  [8]. Bibi S, Sultana J, Sultana H, Malik RN. Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants in the highlands of Soan Valley, Salt Range, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol, 2014; 155: 352–61.
  [9]. Sripathi SK, Uma S. Ethnobotanical documentation of a few medicinal plants in the Agasthiayamalai region of Tirunelveli district India. Ethnobot Leaflet, 2010; 14: 173–181.
  [10]. Chakravarthy S, Jogen CK. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute oral toxicity study of the flower of Phylgacanthus hyrsiflorus Nees in albino mice. Int Res J Pharm, 2012; 3: 293- 295.
  [11]. Anaswara Krishnan S, Dileepkumar R, Achuthsankar SN, Oommen VO. Studies on neutralizing effect of Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract against Daboia russelii venom. J Ethnopharmacol, 2014; 151: 543–547.
  [12]. Reitman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am J Clin Pathol, 1957; 28(1): 56-63.
  [13]. King E. Armstrong AR. Determination of serum and bile phosphatase activity. Can Med Assoc J, 1934; 31(4): 376-381.
  [14]. Rosalki SB, Rai D. Serum gamaglutamyl transpeptidase activity in alcoholism. Clin Cem Acta, 1972; 39: 41-47.
  [15]. Kind PRN, King EJ. Estimation of plasma phosphatase by determination of hydrolysed phenol with aminoantipyrine. J Clin Path, 1954; 7: 322-326.
  [16]. Varley JM, Chapman P, McGown G, Thorncroft M, White GRM, Greaves MJ, Scott D. Genetic and functional studies of a germline TP53 splicing mutation in a Li-Fraumeni-like family. Oncogene, 1998; 16: 3291–3298.
  [17]. Bhalla G, Mhaskar D, Agarwal A. A study of clinical profile of snake bite at a tertiary care centre. Toxicol Int, 2014; 21(2): 203-8.
  [18]. Kshisagar VY, Ahmed M, Colaco SM. Clinical profile of snake bite in children in rural India Iran J Pediatr, 2013; 23(6): 632-6.
  [19]. Maduwage K, Isbister GK. Current treatment for venom-Induced consumption coagulopathy resulting from snakebite. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014; 8(10): 3220.
  [20]. Dongmo OLM, Epoh J, Tadjoua HT, Yousuf S, Telefo PB, Tapondjou A, Coudhary MI. Acute and sub-acute toxicity of the aqueous extract from the stem bark of Tetrapleura tetrapteura Taub. (Fabaceae) in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 2019; 236: 42-49.
  [21]. Boyer L, Alagon A, Fry BG, Jackson TNW, Sunagar K, Chippaux JP. Signs, symptoms and treatment of envenomation. In: Fry, B.G. (Ed.), Venomous Reptiles and Their Toxins: Evolutionary, Pathophysiological and Biodiscovery Implications. Oxford University Press, New York, 2015; 32–60.
  [22]. Lakhotia M, Kothari D, Choudhary DR, Sharma S, Jain P. A case of saw-scale viper snakebite presenting as pleuro-pericardial haemorrhage. J Indian Acad Clin Med, 2002; 3: 392-4.
  [23]. Maheshwari M, Mittal SR. Acute myocardial infarction complicating snakebite. J Assoc Physicians India, 2004; 52: 63-4.
  [24]. Habib AG, Warrell DA. Antivenom therapy of carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) envenoming: effectiveness and strategies for delivery in West Africa. Toxicon, 2013; 69: 82–89.
  [25]. Gutierrez JMR, David Theakston G, David Warrell A. Confronting the neglected problem of snake bite envenoming: the need for a global partnership. PloS Medicine, 2006; 3: 1—5.
  [26]. Devi CM, Bai MV, Lal AV, Umashankar PR, Krishnan LK. An improved method for isolation of anti-viper venom antibodies from chicken egg yolk. J Biochem Biophys Methods, 2002; 51:129−38.
  [27]. Jobin A, Neeta R. New Aspects for Treatment of Snake Bite: A Review. Int Res J Pharm, 2012; 3(11): 1-5.
  [28]. Fattepur SR, Gawade SP. Preliminary screening of herbal plant extracts for anti-venom activity against common sea snake (Enhydrina schistosa) poisoning. Pharmacogn Mag, 2007; 3: 56–60.
  [29]. Malathi R, Sivakumar D, Chandrasekar S. Studies on pharmacological and biochemical effects of Indian saw-scaled viper venom and its inhibition by Acalypha fruticosa leaves extract. J Pharmacog Phytochem, 2019; 8(1): 2335-2346.
  

  Citation
  Malathi Ramaswamy, Sivakumar Duraikannu, Chandrasekar Solaimuthu, "Assessment of anti-snake venom effects of Acalypha fruticosa leaves against Indian Saw-scaled viper by using envenomed Wistar albino rats," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.31-40, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Termite GUT Microflora

  Vishal Devaraj, Sheetal S Kesti

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.41-49, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.4149

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  As termite is a social insect, its colony consists of three castes. i.e. reproductive, worker & soldier castes. In their role of cellulose digestion, the worker termite uses two sources of cellulolytic enzyme that include cellulases produced by the termite and the gut symbionts. Odontotermes obesus classified in mound builder termite, mostly depend on cellulolytic bacteria for cellulose digestion. This study aims to characterize cellulolytic bacteria of termite gut symbionts of worker Odontotermes obesus and to identify cellulolytic bacteria based on sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA(rRNA) gene. Cellulolytic bacteria of termite gut were isolated and cultured in CMC media. Gram’s staining and biochemical characteristics were analysed. The two bacterial isolates were selected from Odontotermes obesus with aerobic conditions for the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. BLAST-N result of 16S rRNA gene sequences of white and yellow colony isolates showed that the isolate has highest similarity with Trabulsiella odontotermitis and Chryseobacterium ureilyticum, respectively.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Carboxymethylcellulose, 16S rRNA, Gut bacteria, Odontotermes obesus, Trabulsiella odontotermitis, Chryseobacterium ureilyticum

  References
  [1]. Ohkuma, M, “Termite symbiotic systems: efficient bio-recycling of lignocellulose”, Applied microbiology and biotechnology, Vol.61, Issue.1, pp.1-5, 2003.
  [2]. Bugg, T. D, Ahmad, M, Hardiman, E. M, & Singh, R, “The emerging role for bacteria in lignin degradation and bio-product formation”. Current opinion in biotechnology, Vol.22, Issue.3, pp.394-400, 2011.
  [3]. McDonald, J. E, Rooks, D. J, & McCarthy, A. J, “Methods for the isolation of cellulose-degrading microorganisms”. In Methods in enzymology, Vol.510, pp. 349-374). Academic Press,2012.
  [4]. Brune, A, “Symbiotic digestion of lignocellulose in termite guts”. Nature Reviews Microbiology, Vol.12, Issue.3, pp168, 2014.
  [5]. Scharf, M. E, “Omic research in termites: an overview and a roadmap”. Frontiers in genetics, Vol.6, pp.76, 2015.
  [6]. Fraune, S, & Bosch, T. C. “Why bacteria matter in animal development and evolution”. Bioessays, Vol.32, Issue.7, pp.571-580, 2010.
  [7]. Scharf, M. E. “Termites as targets and models for biotechnology”. Annual review of entomology, Vol.60, pp.77-102, 2015.
  [8]. Warnecke, F, Luginbühl, P, Ivanova, N, Ghassemian, M., Richardson, T. H., Stege, J. T,& Sorek, R. “Metagenomic and functional analysis of hindgut microbiota of a wood-feeding higher termite”. Nature, Vol.450, Issue.7169, pp.560, 2007.
  [9]. Eggleton, P. “An introduction to termites: biology, taxonomy and functional morphology. In Biology of termites: a modern synthesis”. Springer, Dordrecht, pp.1-26, 2010.
  [10]. Upadhyaya, S. K, Manandhar, A, Mainali, H, Pokhrel, A. R, Rijal, A, Pradhan, B, & Koirala, B. “Isolation and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from gut of termite”. In Rentech Symposium Compendium, Vol.1, Issue.4, pp.14-18, 2012.
  [11]. Saitou, N, & Nei, M. “The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees”. Molecular biology and evolution, Vol.4, Issue.4, pp.406-425, 1987
  [12]. Felsenstein, J. “Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap”. Evolution, Vol.39, Issue.4, pp.783-791, 1985.
  [13]. Kimura, M. “A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences”. Journal of molecular evolution, Vol.16, Issue.2, pp.111-120, 1980.
  [14]. Tamura, K, Peterson, D, Peterson, N, Stecher, G, Nei, M, & Kumar, S. “MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods”. Molecular biology and evolution, Vol.28, Issue.10, pp.2731-2739, 2011.
  [15]. Chou, J. H, Chen, W. M, Arun, A. B, & Young, C. C. Trabulsiella odontotermitis sp. nov. “isolated from the gut of the termite Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki”. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, Vol.57, Issue.4, pp.696-700, 2007.
  [16]. Herzog, P., Winkler, I., Wolking, D., Kämpfer, P., & Lipski, A. “Chryseobacterium ureilyticum sp. nov., Chryseobacterium gambrini sp. nov., Chryseobacterium pallidum sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium molle sp. nov., isolated from beer-bottling plants”. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology, Vol.58, Issue.1, pp26-33, 2008.
  

  Citation
  Vishal Devaraj, Sheetal S Kesti, "Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Termite GUT Microflora," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.41-49, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Study on Estimation and Antioxidant activity of Gloriosa superba L. Whole Plant Extract

  U. Jothi, J. Angelin Jebamalar, T. Sivakumar

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.50-55, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.5055

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Gloriosa superba is a alkaloid plant, which contains alkaloid components such as colchicine and gloriosine. In this study, Total Phenol content (TPC), Total Flavonoid (TF), Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) using whole plant (Shoot, Flower, Tuber (SFT) extract derived from G. superba were tested for cancer. G. superba plants are identified and collected. The collected plants were separated into (SFT) G. superba whole plants are dried under the laboratory conditions. The temperature associated with the solvent used in the powder sampling will be followed by extraction using the different conical flask for 1 week and filtered what Mann No.1 paper. The filtrate was stored and used for further experimentation. Analysis of solvent extracts was subjected to phytochemical and antioxidative activity of DPPH assay. Different concentrations such as 20μg, 40μg, 60 μg, 80 μg and 100 μg were taken for all studies and the values are entered in terms of Mean±SD. In case of DPPH assay IC50 values are calculated using ANNOVA. Methanolic extraction from each solvent contains a high value of antioxidant properties.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Total Phenol Ccontent, Total Flavonoid, DPPH, G. superba

  References
  [1] K. Rajendran, P. Balaji and M.J. Basu. Medicinal plants and their utilization by villagers in southern districts of Tamilnadu. Ind. J Trad. Knowledg. 7, 417-420. 2006.
  [2] M. Senthil kumar. Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Gloriosa superba Linn. Int J Phcog Phytochem Res. 5, 31-36. 2013.
  [3] T. Sivakumar, R. Panneerselvam. Triadimefon Mediated Changes in Antioxidant and Indole Alkaloid Content in Two Species of Datura. Am J Plant Physiol. 6, 252-260. 2011.
  [4] T. Sivakumar and D. Gajalakshmi. In vitro antioxidant and chemical constituents from the leaves of Ormocarpum cochinchinense Elumbotti. 2013. Am. J Plant Physiol. 8, 51-60. 2013.
  [5] T. Sivakumar, D. Gajalakshmi. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS Analysis of root extract from Asparagus racemosus L. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 5, 1000-05. 2014.
  [6] K. Dastmalchi H.J.D. Dorman, M. Kosar, R. Hiltunen. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of a water soluble Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) extract. Leben Wiss Technol. 40, 239–248.2007.
  [7] D. Iyer and P.U. Devi. Radioprotective activity of Murraya koenigii L. On cellular antioxidants in swiss albino mice. J Pharmaceut Res. 2, 495-501. 2009.
  [8] J. Smerq and M. Sharma. Possible mechanism of Murraya Koenigi and Cinnamomum tamala in swiss albino mice with reference to antioxidant activity. Int J Pharmaceut Sci Drug Res. 3, 260-264.2011.
  [9] S. Tachakittirungrod, S. Okonogi and S. Chowwanapoonpohn. Study on antioxidant activity of certain plants in Thailand: mechanism of antioxidant action of guava leaf extracts. Food Chem. 103, 381-388. 2006.
  [10] A. Almey, A.J. Khan, S. Zahir, S.K. Mustapha, M.R. Aisyah and R.K. Kamarul. Total phenolic content and primary antioxidant activity of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of aromatic plants leaves. Int Food Res J. 17, 1077-1084. 2010.
  [11] S. Chanda and R. Dave. In vitro models for antioxidant activity evaluation and some medicinal plants possessing antioxidant properties: An overview. Afr J Microbiol Res. 3, 981-996. 2009.
  [12] J. Martin and M. Martin. Tannin assays in ecological studies: Lack of correlation between phenolics, proanthocyanidins and protein precipitating constituents in mature foliage of six oak species. Oecologia. 4, 205-211. 1982.
  [13] H.k. Badola. Endangered medicinal plant species in Himachal Pradesh. A report on the International Workshop on “Endangered Medicinal Plant Species in Himachal Pradesh’, organized by G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development at Himachal Unit, Mohal-Kullu during 18-19 March. Curr Sci. 83, 7 97-798. 2002.
  [14] S.E. Trease and D. Evans. Colchicum seed and corn. In: Pharmacognosy, Balliere Tindall, London. 12, 593-59. 1983.
  [15] A. Ghani. Medicinal Plants of Bangladesh (Chemical Constituents and Uses). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1998; Dhaka.
  [16] L.M. Gupta, R.C. Rana, R. Raina and M. Gupta. Colchicine content in Gloriosa superba L. J Res, SKUAST-J. 4, 238-241. 2005.
  [17] AA. Malpani, U.M. Aswar, S.K. Kushwaha, G.N. Zambare and S.L. Bodhankar. Effect of the aqueous extract of Gloriosa superba Linn (Langli) roots on reproductive system and cardiovascular parameters in female rats. Trop J Pharmaceut Res. 10, 169- 176. 2011.
  [18] X. Dewanto, K. Wu, K. Adom, R.H. Liu. Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 3010–3014. 2002.
  [19] M.M/ Mervat, E.I. Far, A. Hanan, A. Taie. Antioxidant activities, total anthocyanins, phenolics and flavonoids contents of some sweet potato genotypes under stress of different concentrations of sucrose and sorbitol. Aust J Basic Appl Sci .3, 3609-16. 2009.
  [20] M.S. Blois. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 29, 1199- 1200. 1958.
  [21] K. Robards, P.D. Prenzler, G. Tucker, P. Swatsitang, W. Glover. Phenolic compounds and their role in oxidative processes in fruits. Food Chem. 66, 401-436. 1999.
  [22] I.J. Sagbo, A.J. Afolayan, G. Bradley. Antioxidant antibacterial and phase transfer and transmetallation in an organic solution. J Nanosci Nanotech. 5, 1665-71. 2005.
  [23] D.Y. Lee. Anti-inflammatory effects of Asparagus cochinchinensis extract in acute and chronic cutaneous inflammation, Journal of ethno pharmacology 114, 234-240. 2007.
  [24] M. Noroozi W.J. Angerson, M.E. Lean. Effects of flavonoids and vitamin C on oxidative DNA damage to human lymphocytes. Am. J Clin Nutr. 67, 1210-1218. 1998.
  [25] Al-Humaid, A.I., H.M. Mousa, R.A. El-Mergawi and A.M. Abdel-Salam. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of dates and dates-camel-milk mixtures as a protective meal against lipid peroxidation in rats.Am.J. Food Technol. 5, 22-30. 2010.
  [26] P.G. Pietta. Flavonoids as antioxidants. J. Nat.Prod., 63:1035-1042.2000.
  [27] S.R. Senthilkumar, T. Sivakumar, K.T. Arulmozhi, N. Mythili. FT-IR analysis and correlation studies on the antioxidant activity, total phenolics and total flavonoids of Indian commercial teas (Camellia sinensis L.) - A novel approach. Int. Res. J Biol. Sci. 6, 1-7. 2017.
  [28] T. Sivakumar. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles using sprout extracts of Vigna radiata L. and their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Asian J Pharmaceutical and clinical research. 12, 180-184. 2019.
  [29] T. Sivakumar and R. Panneerselvam. Salinity induced changes in photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant responses in Sesuvium portulacastrum. Pak J Biol sci. 14, 967-975. 2011.
  [30] S.R. Senthilkumar, T. Sivakumar, K.T. Arulmozhi, N. Mythili. Gas chromatography Mass spectroscopy evaluation of bioactive phytochemicals of commercial green teas (Camellia sinensis) of India. 2015. Asian J Pharm Clin. 8, 278-282. 2015.
  [31] D.J. Huang, B.X. Ou, R.L. Prior. The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem. 53:1841-1856. 2005.
  [32] T.W. Stief. The physiology and pharmacology of singlet oxygen. Med. Hypotheses. 60, 567-572. 2003.
  [33] B. Halliwell. Antioxidants and human disease: A general introduction. Nutr. Rev. 55,S44-S52. 1997.
  [34] T. Sivakumar, D. Gajalakshmi, V.K. Subramanian and K. Palanisamy. Tuber extract mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antioxidant, antibacterial activity. 2015. Journal of Biological Sciences, 15, 68-77. 2015.
  [35] U. Jothi J. Angelin Jebamalar, D. Gajalakshmi, and T. Sivakumar. Phytochemical analysis, and evaluation of antimicrobial activity in the whole plant extracts of Gloriosa superb. Asian journal of Pharmaceutical and clinical research. 12, 245-249. 2019
  [36] G. Priya, M. Gopalakrishnan, E. Rajesh and T. Sekar, Focus on Estimation and Antioxidant Studies of Salacia Species. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, 6, 65-74. 2019.
  

  Citation
  U. Jothi, J. Angelin Jebamalar, T. Sivakumar, "Study on Estimation and Antioxidant activity of Gloriosa superba L. Whole Plant Extract," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.50-55, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  To Raise the Polyclonal Immuno-Probe(s) and Development of Enzyme Immuno-Assay for Detection of Cross Reactivity of Alternaria brassicae and their Different Isolates

  Amardeep Singh, Gyanika Shukla and Shailendra Singh Gaurav

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.56-64, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.5664

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Alternaria brassicae is a fungus commonly found in South-East Asia, is one of the most common plant pathogenic fungi in Brassica crops. Its toxic activities have been proved. Hence, a sensitive, rapid and inexpensive screening test to detect Alternaria brassicae in agricultural commodities is necessary to protect Brassica crops. In the present study, the proteins of Alternaria brassicae were isolated, prepared, characterized and used as an antigen to raise polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against it. Rabbits were immunized by the antigen in combination with Freund’s adjuvant. Immuno blotting analysis was performed to determine antibody specificity towards the antigen. Hybridoma supernatants were screened by enzyme-linked immuno- sorbent assay (ELISA), dot-blot and slot-blot tests which confirmed the presence of specific Antigen-Antibody interactions among pAbs and Alternaria brassicae antigens. It was observed that most of the pAbs cross-reacted with the fungi. It was concluded that development of highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the specific strain of Alternaria brassicae can be done in near future. It will be used for the disease diagnostic and identification of infection level.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Alternaria brassicae, Alternaria blight, Immuno blotting, ELISA, DOT BLOT, SLOT BLOT

  References
  [1] G. R. Dixon, “Origins and diversity of Brassica and its relatives”. Vegetable Brassicas and related crucifers, pp.1-33, 2006.
  [2] Abhishek, R. Prasad, D. Kumar, V. Kumar, M. Kumar, D. Kumar, “Symptoms and Management of White Rust/ Blister of Indian Mustard (Albugo candida)”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences Vol. 6, Issue 10, pp. 1094-1100, 2017.
  [3] C. M. Abraham, T. M. Thomas, “Emerging fungal contaminants isolated and identified from raw fennel seeds”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 32-35, 2018.
  [4] P. D. Meena, R. P. Awasthi, C. Chattopadhayay, S. J. Kolte, A. Kumar, “Alternaria blight: a chronic disease in rapeseed-mustard”, Journal of Oilseed Brassica Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 1-11, 2010.
  [5] S. C. Manchanda, S. J. Passi, “Selecting healthy edible oil in the Indian context”, Indian heart journal Vol. 68, Issue 4, pp. 447-449, 2016.
  [6] R.O. Vles, “Nutritional characteristics and food uses of vegetable oils”, Oil Crops of the World, Their Breeding and Utilization pp.63-86, 1989.
  [7] G. S. Saharan, “Management of rapeseed and mustard diseases”, Advances in oilseeds research Vol. 1, pp.152-188, 1992.
  [8] P. D. Meena, C. Chattopadhyay, V. R. Kumar, R. L. Meena, U. S. Rana, “Spore behaviour in atmosphere and trends in variability of Alternaria brassicae population in India”, Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology Vol. 35, p.511, 2005.
  [9] A. Agarwal, G. K. Garg, S. Devi, D.P. Mishra, U. S. Singh, “Ultrastructural changes in Brassica juncea leaves upon treatment with Alternaria brasicae toxin”, Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Vol. 6, pp. 25-28, 1997.
  [10] O. Salazar, C. Basso, P. Barba, C. Orellana, J.A. Asenjo, “Improvement of the lytic properties of a b-1, 3- glucanase by directed evolution”, Molecular Biotechnology Vol. 33, pp. 211–220, 2006.
  [11] K. Marmath, P. Giri, S. Sharma, D. Pandey, A. Kumar, “Induction of MAPK-4 during zeatin-Alternaria brassicae challenge in host, non-host and tolerant transgenic brassica against alternaria blight and In-Silico prediction of its upstream kinases”, Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine Vol. 2 Issue 3, 2011.
  [12] D. Schmechel, B. J. Green, F. M. Blachere, E. Janotka, D. H. Beezhold, “Analytical bias of cross-reactive polyclonal antibodies for environmental immunoassays of Alternaria alternate”, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Vol. 121, Issue 3, pp.763-768, 2008.
  [13] O. Salazar, J. A. Asenjo, “Enzymatic lysis of microbial cells”, Biotechnology letters Vol. 29, Issue 7, pp.985-994, 2007.
  [14] M. M. Bradford, “A rapid and sensitive method for the estimation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein- dye binding”, Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 72, pp. 248-254, 1976.
  [15] L. Wycoffk, J. Jellison, A. R. Ayers, “Monoclonal antibodies to glycoprotein antigens of a fungal plant pathogen Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. Glycinea”, Plant Physiology Vol. 85, pp. 508- 515, 1987.
  [16] E. Suzaki, J. L. Perkin, “Monoclonal antibodies to isolate-, species-, and genus-specific components on the surface of zoospores and cysts of the fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi”, Canadian Journal of Botany Vol. 64, pp.311-321, 1986.
  [17] S. Notermans, G. Wieten, H. W. B. Engel, F. M. Rombouts, P. Hoogerhout, J. H. Van Boom, J.H., “Purification and properties of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) antigens produced by different mould species”, Journal of applied bacteriology, Vol. 62, Issue 2, pp.157-166, 1987.
  [18] F. M. Dewey, C. J. Munday, C. M. Brasier, “Monoclonal antibodies to specific components of the Dutch elm disease pathogen Ophiostoma ulmi”, Plant pathology Vol. 38, Issue 1, pp.9-20, 1989.
  [19] F. M. Dewey, M. M. MacDonald, S. I. Phillips, R. A. Priestley, “Development of monoclonal-antibody-ELISA and -DIP-STICK immunoassays for Penicillium islandicum in rice grains”, Journal of General Microbiology Vol. 136, pp. 753-760, 1990.
  [20] D. Schmechel, H. A. McCartney, N. Magan, G. Marshall, “A novel approach for immunomonitoring airborne fungal pathogens”, In British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings, 1996.
  [21] D. Schmechel, H. A. McCartney, N. Magan, “The production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., the cause of dark leaf and pod spot in oilseed rape”, Food and Agricultural Immunology Vol. 9, pp. 219-232, 1997.
  [22] S. Li, R.R. Marquardt, D. Abramson, “Immunochemical detection of molds: a review”, Journal of Food Protection Vol. 63, pp. 281-291, 2000.
  [23] F. M. Dewey, M. Macdonaldm, S. I Phillips, “Development of monoclonal-antibody-ELISA, -DOT-BLOT and -DIP-STICK immunoassays for Humicola lanuginosa in rice”, Journal of General Microbiology Vol. 135, pp. 361-374, 1989.
  

  Citation
  Amardeep Singh, Gyanika Shukla and Shailendra Singh Gaurav, "To Raise the Polyclonal Immuno-Probe(s) and Development of Enzyme Immuno-Assay for Detection of Cross Reactivity of Alternaria brassicae and their Different Isolates," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.56-64, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Potential Probiotic Analysis: Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria from Freshly Drawn Goat Milk

  Selvajeyanthi S, Hemashenpagam N and Vinotha M

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.65-72, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.6572

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The raw goat milk is a good source of potential probiotic microorganisms. In developing countries, the goat milk was consumed widely because of its therapeutic and nutritional values. The potential probiotic bacteria has some properties such as, survival in the gastrointestinal conditions like low pH and bile tolerance, production of antimicrobial compounds and adhesion to intestinal mucosa. Thirty Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from goat milk in Tirupur and Erode region. Among 30 isolates, the nine isolates were selected for studying the characterization of potential probiotic of LAB. So the screening process were carried out like cell hydrophobicity, phenol resistance, antioxidant assay, cholesterol reducing activity, auto and co-aggregation, acid and bile tolerance. The results obtained showed that the isolates G13 has high spectrum of action. This isolate were undergo to detect the bacteriocin activity, column chromatography and SDS-PAGE. G13 isolates showed inhibitory activity in well-diffusion assay when tested against E.coli and S.aureus. So, those inhibitory substances are characterized as antimicrobial proteins called bacteriocins. Further identification of bacteriocin produced by G13 was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, where it shows the low molecular weight protein (17 kDa).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  potential probiotic, cell hydrophobicity, phenol resistance, antioxidant assay, SDS-PAGE

  References
  [1] FAO/WHO , “Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food. London, Ontario. Canada, April 30 and May 1, 2002.
  [2] FAO/WHO, “Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with livelactic acid bacteria”, Cordoba, Argentina, 1-4 October 2001.
  [3] Subhashini, “Bioprospecting of LAB for potentiality as probiotics”, International Journal of Microbiological Research 5(2) , 90-97,DOIL:10.5829/idosi.ijmr.2014.5.2.83291,2014
  [4] Kim HJ; Shin HS; Ha WK; Yang IH; Lee SW, “Characterization of Lactic bacterial strains isolated from raw milk”, Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19, 131-136.2006.
  [5] Tiiu Kullisaar, Epp Songisepp, Marika Mikelsaar, Kersti Zilmer, Tiiu Vihalemm and Mihkel Zilmer, British Journal of Nutrition 90: 449-456,2003.
  [6] Clevaland, J., Montiville, T.J., Nes, I.F. and C hikindas, M.L, “Bacteriocins: Safe, Natural Antimicrobials for Food Preservation”, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 71, 1-20,2001.
  [7] Selvajeyanthi S and Hemashenpagam N, “Screening of indigenous active lactic acid bacteria isolated from freshly drawn raw milk”, Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications,Vol.11(3),426-433,2018. DOI:10.21786/bbrc/11.3/11
  [8] Dilna SV, Aswathy RG, Surya H, Varsha KK, Sakthikumar DN, “Characterization of an exopolysaccharide with potential health- benefit properties from a probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum RJF4”, LWT Food Sci Technol, 1179-1186,2015.
  [9] Thapa P.B,Gideon P,Cost T.W,William A.B and Ray W.A , The New England journal of medicine ,339,875-882,1998.
  [10] Pooja Thakkar, H. A. Modi and J.B. Prajapati, “Isolation, characterization and safety assessment of lactic acid bacterial isolates from fermented food products”, Int J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci Vol 4 issue 4; pg no: 713-725,2015.
  [11] Gurushree Soundararajan, N.G.Ramesh Babu, Jesteena Johney, R.Ranganathan , “Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis and its Anticancer Activity against Hela cell line”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 165-168,2017.
  [12] Susan K Thomas, Jesteena Johney and Ragunathan R , “Eco-Friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticle using Banana (Musa Acuminate Colla) peel, its phytochemical, Antimicrobial and Anticancer activity”, International journal of recent scientific research, pp.21098-21106,2017.
  [13] Zlatkis, A., Zak, B., Boyle, G.J, “A new method for direct determination of serum cholesterol”, Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, Vol 41: pp.486,1953.
  [14] Murua, A., Todorov, S.D., Vieira, A.D.S., Martinez, R.C.R., Cencic, A. and Franco. B.D.G.M., “Isolation and identification of bacteriocinogenic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum with potential beneficial properties from donkey milk”, Journal of Applied Microbiology, pp.1364-5072,2013.
  [15] Bolanle A. Adeniyi, Adewale Adetoye, Funmilola A. Ayeni,“Antimicrobial activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from cow faeces against potential enteric pathogens”, African health sciences Vol 15 issue 3: pp.888-895,2015.
  [16] Gurban oglu Gulahmadov, S., Batdorj, B., Dalgalarronda, M, European Food Research and Technology , Volume 224: pp.229-235,2006.
  [17] Musikasang H., Sohsomboon N., Tani A. and S. Maneerat, “Bacteriiocin – producing lactic acid bacteria as a probiotic potential from Thai indigenous chickens”, Czech J. Anim. Sci., Vol 57 issue3;pg no: 137-149,2012.
  [18] Sivaramasamy Elayaraja, Neelamegam Annamalai, Packiyam Mayavu, and Thangavel Balasubramanian, “ Production, purification and characterization of bacteriocin from Lactobacillus murinus AU06 and its broad antibacterial spectrum”, Asian Pac J Trop Biomed; 4(Suppl 1): S305-S311,2014.
  [19] Schagger H and G. Von Jagow, “ Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa”, Anal. Biochem. 166:368–379,1987.
  [20] Otero, M.C., Ocana, V.S., and E.N.M. Macias , Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol 268;pp. 435-440,2004.
  [21] Rijnaarts H. H. M Norde, W Bouwer, E. J Lyklema and A. J. B. Zehnder , Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol 59; pp 3255–3265,1993.
  [22] Valeriano V.D., Parungao-Balolong M.M., and D.K.Kang,“In vitro evaluation of the mucin-adhesion ability and probiotic potential of Lactobacillus mucosae LMI”, J. Applied Microbiology, Vol 117; pp. 485-497,2014.
  [23] Anderso JW,Gilliland SE, “Effect of fermented milk(yoghurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans”,J Am Coll Nutr,Vol.18,pp.43-50,1999.
  [24] Sanders M.E , “Overview of functional foods: emphasis on probiotic bacteria”, Int Dairy J., 8: 341-347,1998.
  [25] Geeta Shukla, Gatha Sharma and Nisha Goyal , “Probiotic characterization of Lactobacilli and yeast strains isolated from Whey beverage and Therapeutic potential of Lactobacillus yoghurt in Murine Giardiasis”, American journal of biomedical sciences. 2(3), 248-261,2010.
  [26] Dunne C, O’Mahony L, Murphy L, Thomton G, Morrissey D“In vitro selection criteria for probiotic bacteria for human origin: Correlation with in vivo findings”, Am J Clin Nutr 73: 386-392,2001.
  [27] Carlos Gusils,Genga oliver silvia N.Gonzalez, “Some probiotic properties of chicken lactobacillus”,Canadian journal of Microbiology,Vol 45(12),pp.981-987,1999
  [28] Andri Hutari, Waleed Shaker Jaseem, Aidil Abdul Hamid and Wan Mohtar Wan Yusoff, “Screening of Lactobacillus strains against Salmonella both isolated from Malaysian free-range chicken intestine for use as probiotic”, Sains Malaysiana, Vol 40(10); pp. 1115-1122,2011.
  [29] Vaughan E E, Mollet B and Devos W M, “Functionality of Probiotics and intestinal lactobacilli: light in the intestinal tract tunnel”, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 10: 505-510,1999.
  [30] Santos A, Mauro M.S, Sanchez, A., Torres, J.M., and Marguina D, “The antimicrobial properties of different strains of Lactobacillus spp isolated from kefir”, Systematic and Applied Microbiology Vol 26(3): pp.434-437,2003.
  [31] Ogunbanwo, S. T., Sanni, A. L. and A. A. Onilude, “Characterization of bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus plantarum F1 and Lactobacillus brevis OG1”, African journal of Biotechnology Vol 2 issue 8; pp. 219-227,2003.
  [32] Jose Luis Parada,Carolina Ricoy Caron,Adriane Bianchi P.Mederiros and Carlos Ricardo Soccol, “Bacteriocins from LAB:Purification,Properties and use as biopreservatives”, An international journal of Brazillian Archives of Biology and Technology,Vol 50,no.3,pp.521-542,2007.
  [33] Franz-Xaver Schmid, “Biological macromolecules:UV-Visible Spectrophotometry”, Encyclopedia of life sciences Macmillian Publishers Ltd., Nature publishing group/www.els.net.,2001.
  

  Citation
  Selvajeyanthi S, Hemashenpagam N and Vinotha M, "Potential Probiotic Analysis: Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria from Freshly Drawn Goat Milk," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.65-72, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Molecular docking studies of BCL- 2 with Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. compounds for anti inflammatory studies

  C. Dhanunjaya Kumar, S. Nasireen Begum, D. Muralidhara Rao

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.73-80, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.7380

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Due to the presence of large number of phyto compounds the medicinal plants shows wide spread properties for diseases which are not cured by traditional medicine. In this work bioactive compounds of Erythroxylum monogynum plant extracts were selected .By the studies of Gas chromatography and mass spectrum the compounds present in Erythroxylum monogynum ethanolic extracts were identified based on retention time ,area. The compounds which were identified are used for anti inflammatory activity by insilico method with BCL-2 which plays key role in causing of inflammation. Hence this is selected for docking studies with the different compounds of Erythroxylum monogynum .The docking results showed that among compounds of Erythroxylum monogynum compounds the Cyclo Hexane, 2-Ethoxy -1-hydroxy-4-oxo-3-phntyl-32cyclobutenyl)acetate, 1,8-bis[(benzoyl)benzoyloxy]-3, 6-dioxa -octane,N-(Tetramethylpiperidinyl) ortho-fomyl benzoate , 1,30-Triacontanediol ,5-trichloro methyl-3-[1-(cyanothio)ethyl]-4, 5-dihydroisoxazol-5-ol.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Erythroxylum monogynum , Anti-inflammatory, Phyto compounds, BCL-2, Docking studies

  References
  [1] Ferrero-Miliani L, Nielsen OH, Andersen PS, Girardin SE; Nielsen; Andersen ; Girardin February ,2007 .
  [2] Abbas A.B.; Lichtman A.H "Ch.2 Innate Immunity". In Saunders (Elsevier) (ed.). Basic Immunology. Functions and disorders of the immune system 3rd edision ,2009.
  [3] Zhou Y, Hong Y, Huang H. Triptolide “ Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Membranous Glomerulo-Nephritis Rat via Downregulation of NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Kidney and Blood Pressure” ,2016.
  [4] Takeuchi O, Akira S. “Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation”. Cell,2010.
  [5] Cotran, R. S., Kumar, V., Collins, T., & Robbins, S. L. “Robbins pathologic basis of disease. Philadelphia: Saunders”,1999.
  [6] Grivennikov, S.I., Greten, F.R., and M. Karin. . “Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer.” Cell. vol 140(6):pp883-99, 2010.
  [7] Kolb., H., and T. Mandrup-Poulsen. “The global diabetes epidemic as a consequence of lifestyle-induced low-grade inflammation.” Diabetologia. vol 53(1): pp10-20, 2010.
  
  [8] Miller, A.H., Malteic, V., C.L. Raison. “Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression.” Biol Psychiatry. vol 65(9):pp732-41 , 2009.
  [9] Mallbris L, Akre O, Granath F, Yin L, Lindelöf B, Ekbom A, et al. “Increased risk for cardiovascular mortality in psoriasis inpatients but not in outpatients”. Eur J Epidemiol pp19:225–30, 2004.
  [10] Prodanovich S, Ma F, Taylor JR, Pezon C, Fasihi T, Kirsner RS. “Methotrexate reduces incidence of vascular diseases in veterans with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis”. J Am Acad Dermatol Vol 52: pp262–7,2005
  [11] O`Keefe JH, Gheewala NM, O`Keefe JO. “Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health.” J Am CollCardiol Vol 51: pp 249–255,2008
  [12] Manohar V, Talpur NA, Echard BW, Lieberman S, Preuss HG. Jan 2002, "Effects of a water-soluble extract of maitake mushroom on circulating glucose/insulin concentrations in KK mice.", Diabetes ObesMetab.vol 4 (1): 43–8.
  [13] Samantha J. Venable; Diane S. Aschenbrenner. “Drug Therapy In Nursing”. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-4839-9,2008
  [14] Brunger, A. X-PLOR, Version 3.1: “A System for X-Ray Crystallography and NMR.” Yale University, New Haven, CT. 1992
  [15] Grubmuller, H., H. Heller, A. Windemuth, & K. Schulten. “Generalized Verlet algorithm for efficient molecular dynamics simulations with long-range interactions.” Mol. Sim. 6:121–142,1991.
  [16] Jorgensen, W. L., J. Chandresekhar, J. D. Madura, R. W. Impey, & M. L.Klein. “Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water”. J. Chem. Phys. vol 79 pp926 –935,1983.
  [17] Kale L, Skeel R, Bhandarkar M, Brunner R, Gursoy A, Krawetz N, Phillips J, hinozaki A, Varadarajan K, &Schulten K NAMD2: “Greater scalability for parallel molecular dynamics”. JComputPhys, 151:283,1999
  [18] Laskoswki, R. A., MacArthur, M. W., Moss, D. S. &Thorton, J. M. (1993). PROCHECK: “a program to check the stereochemical quality of protein structures”. J. Appl. Cryst. vol 26, pp283-291,1993.
  [19] MacKerell, Jr., Bashford A.D.D, Bellott M, Dunbrack R.L , Evanseck J, Field M. J, Fischer, Gao J, Guo H, Ha S, Joseph D, Kuchnir L, Kuczera K, Lau F. T. K, Mattos C, Michnick S , Ngo T, Nguyen D. T , Prodhom B, Roux B, Schlenkrich M, .Smith, Stote R,J. Straub, M. Watanabe, J. Wiorkiewicz- Kuczera, D. Yin, and M. Karplus. “Self-consistent parameterization of biomolecules for molecular modeling and condensed phase simulations”. FASEB J.6:A143–A143,1992.
  [20] Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W. and Lipman, D. J. “A basic local alignment search tool” J. Mol. Biol.vol 215 pp 403-410,1990.
  [21] Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schaffer, A. , Zhang A, J., Zhang, Z., Miller.W, Lipman, D. J. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: “a new generation of protein database search programs”. Nucleic Acids Res vol. 50: pp 3389-3402,1997.
  

  Citation
  C. Dhanunjaya Kumar, S. Nasireen Begum, D. Muralidhara Rao, "Molecular docking studies of BCL- 2 with Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. compounds for anti inflammatory studies," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.73-80, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of endophytic fungal isolates for its Antibiofilm activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  Ashok Y. Dawande, Neha D. Gajbhiye, Vijay N. Charde, Yogesh S. Banginwar

  Research Paper | Isroset-Journal (IJSRBS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp.81-86, Jun-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i3.8186

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The present study reports assessment of the antibiofilm activity of endophytic fungi on quorum sensing controlled biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453. Endophytic fungi isolated from agriculture field were evaluated for antibiofilm activity. After fermentation in sucrose broth, biofilm formation inhibitors from endophytic fungi were extracted using ethyl acetate. The active extract from each endophytic fungus was assayed for inhibition of biofilm formation using biosensor strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At highest tested concentration (200µg/ml) of both fungal extract and biocidal agent, the extract from Fusarium sp.1 demonstrated maximum inhibition in biofilm formation (49.65%) and minimum inhibition by Colletotrichum sp. extract (18.21%) and inhibition was significant at (P < 0.05). Similarly at highest tested concentration (200µg/ml) of fungal extract alone, the maximum percent decrease (18.90%) was observed in P. aeruginosa by Phoma sp. extract and minimum inhibition by Penicillium sp extract (4.00%) with no statistical difference. On the other hand extract from Aspergillus sp.2 was found to show no antibiofilm activity but exhibit stimulatory effect on biofilm formation extract (-4.78%). Combined effect of active fungal extract and biocidal agent resulted in significantly more percent biofilm inhibition as compared to fungal extract alone. The action of one or more active compounds extracted from endophytic fungi may be responsible for antibiofilm activity. Such compounds could be effective against emerging multidrug resistant pathogens.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Endophytic fungi, Biofilm, Quorum sensing, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  References
  [1] C. Potera, “Forging a Link Between Biofilms and Disease,” Science. vol. 283: 1837–1839, 1999.
  [2] M. S. P. B. D and S. Yadav, “Biofilms : Microbes and Disease,” Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases vol, 12, pp. 526–530, 2008
  [3] J. W. Costerton, P. S. Stewart, and E. P. Greenberg, “Bacterial Biofilms : A Common Cause of Persistent Infections,” Science, vol. 284, no. May, pp. 1318–1322, 1999.
  [4] T. I. M. Tolker-nielsen, U. C. Brinch, P. C. Ragas, J. B. O. Andersen, C. S. Jacobsen, and S. Molin, “Development and Dynamics of Pseudomonas sp, Biofilms,” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 182, no. 22, pp. 6482–6489, 2000.
  [5] K. Sauer et al., “Pseudomonas aeruginosa Displays Multiple Phenotypes during Development as a Biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa Displays Multiple Phenotypes during Development as a Biofilm,”, Journal of Bacteriology, 184:1140–54. 2002.
  [6] M. G. Kociolek, “Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors and Biofilms,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 8, no.4, pp. 315–326, 2009.
  [7] W. Yao, D. A. I. Yue, Z. Yong, H. U. Yangbo, Y. Baoyu, and C. Shiyun, “Effects of quorum sensing autoinducer degradation gene on virulence and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,” Science in China Series C Life Sciences, vol. 50, no. 30570020, 2007.
  [8] C. Van Delden and B. H. Iglewski, “Cell-to-Cell Signaling and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections,” Emerging Infectious Dieasess. vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 551–560, 1998.
  [9] L. B. Rice, “Federal Funding for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance in Nosocomial Pathogens : No ESKAPE,” The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 197, pp. 1079–1081, 2008.
  [10] Macé, C, D. Seyer, C. Chemani, P. Cosette, P. Di-Martino et al., “Identification of Biofilm-Associated Cluster ( bac ) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Involved in Biofilm Formation and Virulence,” PLOS.vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 1–10, 2008.
  [11] U. S. E. Arivudainambi, T. D. Anand, V. Shanmugaiah, C. Karunakaran, and A. Rajendran, “Novel Bioactive metabolites producing endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,” FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, vol. 61, pp. 340–345, 2011.
  [12] R. X. Tan and W. X. Zou, “Endophytes : a rich source of functional metabolites,” Natural Products Reports, no. 18, pp. 448–459, 2001.
  [13] W. X. Zou et al., “Metabolites of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides , an Endophytic Fungus in Artemisia mongolica,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 63, no. 11. 1529–1530, 2000.
  [14] J. Buatong and S. Phongpaichit, “Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from mangrove fungal endophytes,” World Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology no. 27 pp. 3005–3008, 2011.
  [15] N. Radic and B. Strukelj, “Phytomedicine Endophytic fungi -The treasure chest of antibacterial substances,” Phytomedicine vol. 19, pp. 1270–1284, 2012.
  [16] A. J. Martín-Rodríguez et. al., “Aquatic Fungi : First Report from Marine Endophytes,” Marine Drugs, no.12, pp. 5503–5526, 2014.
  [17] P. S. Rajesh and V. R. Rai, “Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology Hydrolytic enzymes and quorum sensing inhibitors from endophytic fungi of Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn,” Biocatalysis Agricultural Biotechnology., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 120–124, 2013.
  [18] M. Ueda, T. Kubo, and K. Miyatake, “Purification and characterization of fibrinolytic alkaline protease from Fusarium sp . BLB,” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 74 pp. 331–338, 2007.
  [19] J. C. Taganna, J. P. Quanico, R. Marie, G. Perono, E. C. Amor, and W. L. Rivera, “Tannin-rich fraction from Terminalia catappa inhibits quorum sensing ( QS ) in Chromobacterium violaceum and the QS-controlled biofilm maturation and LasA staphylolytic activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 134, pp. 865–871, 2011.
  [20] S. S. Meenambiga and K. Rajagopal, “Antibiofilm activity and molecular docking studies of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungus Aspergillus nidulans on oral Candida albicans,” Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 37–45, 2018.
  [21] C. Nithya, F. Lewisoscar, S. Kanaga, R. Kavitha, and D. Bakkiyaraj, “Biofilm inhibitory potential of Chlamydomonas sp. extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,” Journal of Algal Biomass Utilization, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 74–81, 2014.
  

  Citation
  Ashok Y. Dawande, Neha D. Gajbhiye, Vijay N. Charde, Yogesh S. Banginwar, "Assessment of endophytic fungal isolates for its Antibiofilm activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.3, pp.81-86, 2019