Volume-6 , Issue-2 , Feb 2020, ISSN 2454-9312 (Online), 2454-6143 (Print) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Gender Fairness Initiative and Performance of Female Journalists: A Case of the Media Industry in Kenya

  J.K. Wangusi, I.O. Abuya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.1-8, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  Studies conducted in the past have established that gender fairness is an important aspect of performance in the workplace. This study sought to investigate the influence of gender fairness initiative on performance of female journalists in Kenya in terms of equal remuneration, equal recruitment criteria, equal appraisals and equality in the number of male and female journalists. The cross-sectional study was conducted in four mainstream media organizations in Kenya. Krejcie and Morgan table was used to determine the sample size while stratified random sampling technique was used to select 320 male and female journalists working with the Standard Media Group, Nation Media Group, Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC) and Media Max Limited. Self-administered 5-point likert scale questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. Correlational analysis showed a moderate positive linear relationship between gender fairness initiative and performance of female journalists in the media industry in Kenya (R =.470; P<.05). The R-square adjusted showed that 21.2% of the variations of the variations in the performance of female journalists could be attributed to gender fairness initiative. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed an F ratio = 25.167; P<.05 which showed that gender fairness initiative influenced the performance of female journalists in the media industry in Kenya to a statistically significant extent.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Gender Fairness Initiative, Female Journalists, Media Industry, Performance

  References
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  [12] Haselhuhn, M. P., Wong, E. M., and Ormiston, M. E. With Great Power Comes Shared Responsibility: Psychological Power and the Delegation of Authority. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 1081, Issue 4, 2017
  [13] Oehmichen, J., Schult, A., and Wolff, M. Keeping their Cards Close to their Chests: How Non-delegating CEOs avoid Forced Career Ends. Human Resource Management. Vol. 56, Issue 2, pp. 225-242, 2017
  [14] Djordjević, B., Ivanović-Djukić, M., and Lepojević, V. Relationship of Ages and Gender of the Employees in Organizations in the Republic of Serbia and their Job Satisfaction. Economic Themes, Vol. 55, Issue 2, pp. 263-280, 2017
  [15] Uzun, T., and Ozdem, G. The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction on the Relationship between Teachers` Perceptions of Supervisor Support and Job Performances. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, Vol. 9, Issue 7, pp. 84-90, 2017
  [16] Babbie, E. Survey Research Methods (2nd Ed), Belmont, CA, Wadsworth. 1989.
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  [18] Sharma, G., Pros and Cons of Different Sampling Methods. International Journal of Applied Research. Vol. 3, Issue 7, pp. 749-752, 2017
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  [20] Olukayode, L. The Effect of Personal Characteristics and Other Status Related Factors on Employee Commitment to Work in the Manufacturing Industry in Nigeria. IFE Psychologia. Vol. 21, Issue 2, pp. 150-159, 2013

  Citation
  J.K. Wangusi, I.O. Abuya, "Gender Fairness Initiative and Performance of Female Journalists: A Case of the Media Industry in Kenya," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.1-8, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Improving Quality of Crocus Sativus Through the Use of Bacillus Subtilis

  D. Prisa

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.9-13, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  In this study the ability of B.subtilis to improve the quality of C.sativus cultivation was evaluated. Various scientific studies demonstrate the medicinal properties of its constituents, making it one of the most expensive agricultural products in the world. The presence of microorganisms in the soil promotes the growth of plants, thanks to this capacity, today there are several microbial products marketed that can increase the health and growth of plants. Several scientific researches have demonstrated the beneficial effects of rhizosphere bacteria on roots and overall plant growth. In this study the ability of B.subtilis to improve the quality of C.sativus cultivation was evaluated. The two experimental groups in cultivation were: i) group without beneficial micro-organisms, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized; ii) group with beneficial micro-organism B.subtilis, irrigated with water and substrate previously fertilized. Growth-promoting bacteria and in particular Bacillus subtilis have important effects on plant morphology even under stressful conditions. In this experiment it is noted above all that the substrates enriched with B.subtilis for the cultivation of Crocus sativus led to a significant increase in all the agronomic parameters analyzed (length and leaves number, vegetative and root biomass, bulb weight, flowers number and stigmas length). This confirms how the use of B.subtilis can improve the solubility and availability of nutrients that improve plant growth accordingly.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Microorganisms; Sustainable applications; Crocus sativus; Rhizosphere, PGPR

  References
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  [4] PDR for Herbal Medicines. Medical Economics Company, Inc. at Montvale, pp. 653-654, 2000
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  [7] J. Sorensen, “The rhizosphere as a habitat for soil microorganisms”, In Book Modern soil microbiology. New York, Vol. 56, pp. 21-45, 1997
  [8] D. Prisa, “Effective Microorganisms and Chabazitic-Zeolites for the improvement quality of Echinopsis Hybrids”, Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary, Vol. 6, Issue. 2, pp. 23-34, 2019
  [9] D. Prisa, “Improvement quality of aubergine plants with Effective microorganisms”, Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary, Vol. 6, Issue. 3, pp. 1-8, 2019
  [10] D. Prisa, “Germination Of Vegetable And Grassland species With Micronized chabazitic-Zeolites And Endophytic Fungi”, IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS), Vol. 12, Issue. 5, pp. 32-37, 2019
  [11] D. Prisa, “Effect of Azospirillum brasilense on garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivation”, World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, Vol. 2, Issue. 3, pp. 8-13, 2019
  [12] Z.A. Zahir, M. Arshad, WT. Frankenberger,”Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Applications and perspectives in agriculture”, Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 1, Issue. 81, pp. 98-169, 2004
  [13] M. Ahemad, M. Kibret,”Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective”, Journal of King Saud University-Science, Vol. 26, Issue. 1, pp. 1-20, 2014
  [14] V.N. Pishchik, N.I. Vorobyov, O.S. Walsh, V.G. Surin, Y.V. Khomyakov, “Estimation of synergistic effect of humic fertilizer and Bacillus subtilis on lettuce plants by reflectance measurements”, Journal of Plant Nutrition, Vol. 39, Issue. 8, pp.1074-1086, 2016
  [15] V.N. Pishchik, N.I. Vorobyev, K.G. Moiseev, O.V. Sviridova, V.G. Surin, “Influence of Bacillus subtilis on the physiological state of wheat and the microbial community of the soil under different rates of nitrogen fertilizers”, Eurasian Soil Science., Vol. 48, Issue. 1, pp.77-84, 2015
  [16] B.R. Glick, “The enhancement of plant growth by free– living bacteria”, Can. J. Microbiol, Vol. 4, pp. 109-117, 1995
  [17] J.H. Guo, H.Y. Qi, Y.H. Guo, H. Ge, L.Y. Gong, L.X. Zhang and P.H. Sun, “Biocontrol of tomato wilt by growth promoting rhizobacteria”, Biol. Contr., Vol. 29, pp. 66-77, 2004
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  [19] D. Prisa,“Effective microorganisms for germination and root growth in Kalanchoe daigremontiana”, World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, Vol. 3, Issue. 3, pp. 47–53, 2019

  Citation
  D. Prisa, "Improving Quality of Crocus Sativus Through the Use of Bacillus Subtilis," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.9-13, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Discarded desiccant silica gel: As agent in prolonging the shelf life of lakatan banana (Musa acuminata)

  Reynante I. Enriquez

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.14-20, Feb-2020

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  Shelf life extension is the holy grail for the fruit and vegetable industry. Extension of shelf life of fruits and vegetables has several advantages, it improves the quality, taste and texture of the food, it reduces food waste. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of discarded desiccant silica gel as agent in prolonging the shelf life of lakatan banana. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design and replicated thrice. The lakatan banana stored with ethylene absorbent (10 grams silica gel) and in conventional way without ethylene absorbent. The physiological loss of lakatan banana, in terms of the pulp to peel ratio, set up without ethylene absorbent documented minimum weight loss of (1.65g) recorded with spoilage at the end of 7 days storage. The banana with ethylene absorbent (10 grams silica gel) documented with (1.57g) recorded no spoilage respectively up to 7 days storage. In terms of Peel color banana without ethylene absorbent data shows most evident change in peel color and some of the banana turns black which shows that the banana is overripe and already in decaying process compared to set up with ethylene absorbent (10 grams silica gel) shows the peel color of the banana are still good recorded with no spoilage. Total soluble content remained high in set up with ethylene absorbent (10 grams silica gel) with (17.37%) compared to the set up without ethylene absorbent (15%). Hence, It was concluded that silica gel can successfully prolong the shelf life of lakatan banana.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  discarded, desiccant, silica gel, lakatan banana, shelf life, ethylene absorbent, storage

  References
  [1] S. Jayarajan , R.R Sharma,“Impact of Ethylene absorbents on Fruits Firmness and Quality of Nectarine (Prunus ersica var. nectarina) Fruits during storage at super market conditions”,Madrige Journal of Food Technology, Vol.3,Issue.2,pp.149-152, 2018.
  [2] D. Bhatatacharjee., R.S Dhua, “Influence of Ethylene absorbents on Shelf life of Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) Fruits during storage”.International Journal of Current Microbiology and Appied Sciences, Vol.6,Issue 5,pp.1553-1563,2017.
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  [6] S.A Zomo ,S.M Ismail, M. Shah Jahan, K. Kabir, M.H Kabir,“Chemical Properties and Shelf life of Banana (Musa sapientum L.) as Influenced by Different Postharvest Treatments”,A Scientific Journal of Krishi Foundation,Vol.12.Issue.2.pp.6-17,2014.
  [7] G.L Digma, “Effect of Different Desiccants on Preserving the Germination Capacity of Yard Long Bean ( Vigna Unguiculata Sesquipedalis) after storage”.International Journal of Novel Research in Life Sciences,Vol.3,Issue.6,pp.66-71,2016.
  [8] S. Amarakoon, S. Navaratne,“Evaluation of the effectiveness of silica gel Desiccant in Improving the keeping quality of rice crackers”,International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR),Vol.6,Issue.1,2017.
  [9] A.R Tarpe, R.K Jain,”Study of advanced maturity stages of banana”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies,Vol.1,Issue.3,2012.
  [10] N. Suseno, E. Savitri ,L. Sapei, K. Padmawijaya,“Improving shelf-life of Cavendish Banana Uisng Chitosan Edible Coating”,Procedia Chemistry,Vol.9,pp.113-120,2014.
  [11] P. Kumar, K.V Singh K.V ,S. Kumari, V.M Prasad, N. Jain,“Effect of Ethylene Absorbent (KMnO₄) with Different carrier Materials for Shelf Life of Banana CV. Nendran”,International Journal of Chemical Studies,Vol.5,Issue.5,pp.2243-2245,2017.
  [12] E.B Esguerra, D.B Mendoza DB , E.B Pantastico,“Regulation of fruit ripening. Use of Perlite KMnO₄ insert as an ethylene absorbent”,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Vol.107,Issue.1,pp.23-31,2013.
  [13] K.J Scott,”Effect of the temperature on the storage life of banana held in Polyethylene bags with ethylene absorbent”,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Vol.51,pp.23-26,2012.

  Citation
  Reynante I. Enriquez , "Discarded desiccant silica gel: As agent in prolonging the shelf life of lakatan banana (Musa acuminata)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.14-20, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Experimentation and Design Analysis of Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor for Kano Abattoir

  A.E. Isiyaku, M. Godfrey

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.21-28, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  The study determines the treatment of Kano abattoir wastewater to provide a sustainable wastewater treatment mechanism, energy recovery through biogas production and integrating an anaerobic digestion plant for the abattoir. Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (ASBR) was chosen and explored for the treatment of the abattoir wastewater. The ASBR was subjected to a preliminary phase of 120 days and activated phase for 60 days at a HRT of 16 h. The pilot scale experiment showed that the average biogas production was 0.39L/d while laboratory analysis results for the abattoir wastewater treatment showed that suspended solid (SS) removal efficiency was 10%. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Fats removal efficiencies were 56%, 88% and 65.6% respectively. The proposed ASBR plant for the case study was designed to correspond to three-tank system for domestic wastewater treatment which included primary clarification before ASBR treatment and a sludge digester for primary and excess sludge. Each one of the three anaerobic sequencing batch reactors had the total volume of 150 m3 and has the same treatment capacity. Cycle time of 24 h was considered for each reactor, while reacting time was calculated to be 13.2 h at a flow rate of 5.6 m3/h. Kano abattoir have an average of 250 cattle, 43 camels, 173 sheep and 210 goats being slaughtered per day in the abattoir from 2009 till date, the quantity of influent generated was found to be 416 m3 per day and 151,480 m3 per year. However, ASBR will serves as sustainable wastewater treatment for Kano abattoir.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor (ASBR); Abattoir Wastewater Treatment; Anaerobic Digestion; Biogas Production; Kano abattoir

  References
  [1] Adeniran,A.K, Ahaneku, I.E., Itodo, I.N and Rohjy, H.A, “Relative effectiveness of biogas production using poultry wastes and cow dung”. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal .16(1): pp. 126-132, 2014
  [2] Adeoti, O, Ilori, M.O., Oyebisi, T.O. & Adekoya, L.O. “Engineering design and economic evaluation of a family-sized biogas project in Nigeria”. Technovation, 20 (2), pp. 103–108, 2000.
  [3] Aiyuk, S, Forrez, I., Lieven, D.K., van Haandel, A. & Verstra¬ete, W., “Anaerobic and complementary treatment of domestic sewage in regions with hot climates—A review”. Bioresource technology, 97 (17), pp. 2225–2241, 2006.
  [4] Andres, H., Hu, Z., Snowling, S., and Schraa, O, “Model-Based Optimum Design of Sequencing Batch Reactors for COD and Nitrogen Removal from a Slaughterhouse Wastewater”. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. pp. 5100-5107, 2006.
  [5] Assenga S., Edward S., Matt K. and Scott M, “Biogas I Tanzania: Slaughterhouse Waste Treatment Facility”. UCDAVIS Program for International Energy Teechnologies, pp. 5-20, 2012.
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  [9] Chukwu, O. & Chidiebere, I, “Abattoir Wastes Generation, Management and the Environment: A Case of Minna, North Central Nigeria”. International Journal of Biosciences. 1.pp 100-109, 2011
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  [14] Mohammed, M., Gasmelseed, G. and Abuuznien, M, “Production of Biogas from Cattle Paunch Manure”. European Journal of Engineering Research and Science. pp, 1-3, 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.4.1140.
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  Citation
  A.E. Isiyaku, M. Godfrey, "Experimentation and Design Analysis of Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor for Kano Abattoir," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.21-28, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  On farm Phenotypic Characterization of Indigenous Sheep Breeds within Their Production Systems in Meket and Gidan District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia

  T. Demeke, T. Getachew, E. Bayou

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.29-39, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  The study was conducted to generate comprehensive information on physical characteristics of indigenous sheep breed in Meket and Gidan district of North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. The most frequently observed coat color pattern of Sheep was plain 70.8% and 69% and the most dominantly observed coat color type of sheep was black 25.9% and dark red 41.3% for Meket and Gidan district, respectively. The majority of male sheep in the study area were horned (87.2%). Majority of the sampled Sheep population has semi-pendulous (61.7%) ear orientation. The average observed, body length, heart girth, wither height, rump height, rump length, ear length, tail length, for male Sheep in the study area was 66.45±0.27, 76.01±0.28, 65.93±0.24, 66.42±0.22, 20.1±0.08, 8.09±0.3 and 23.33±0.31 cm, respectively for male and 61.83±0.14, 63.00±0.12, 65.78±0.11, 19.48±0.04, 8.17±0.16 and 19.41±0.16 cm, respectively for female sheep. Male and female sheep in the study area weighted about 32.85 kg and 27.95 kg, respectively. Sex, age, district and agro-ecology had a significant effect on body weight and many of the body measurements. Positive and highly significant (P<0.05) correlation were observed between body weight and most of the body measurements. Heart girth was found to be the most important variables for estimation of body weight in Sheep. Therefore, this finding was put baseline for understanding about physical characteristics of Sheep and serve as a base for designing a sustainable breeding programme and selection strategies in the study area.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Indigenous sheep, North Wollo, Phenotypic characterization

  References
  [1] CSA (Central Statistical Agency of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia), 2017. Agricultural Sample Survey, 2016/2017). Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings). Statistical Bulletin 585. Vol. II, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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  [22] W. Gebreyowhens, Y. Tesfay, “Morphological Characterization of Indigenous Highland Sheep Population of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia”, J Nat Sci Res 6 (1): 96-104, 2016.
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  [24] N.Mehamed, K. Alemayehu, T. Getachew, “On-farm phenotypic characterization of indigenous sheep population and its cross with Awassi in selected Districts of South Wollo, Amhara, Ethiopia”, Tropical drylands, Volume , Number 1, , Pages: 1-11, June 2017.
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  [27] T. Mohammed, K. Kebede, Y. Mekasha, B. Abera, “On-farm phenotypic characterization of native sheep types in North Wollo zone, Northern Ethiopia”, Direct Res J Agric and Food Sci 3 (3): 48- 56, 2015
  [28] U. Younas, M., Abdullah, J.A. Bhatti, T.N. Pasha, N. Ahmad, M. Nasir, A. Hussain, “Inter-Relationship of body weight with Linear Body Measurments in Hissardale Sheep at Different stages of life”, Journal of Animal and Plant science. Vol, 7(3), 2013.
  [29] T. Getachew, “Characterization of Menz and Afar Indigenous Sheep Breeds of Smallholders and Pastoralist for Desighing Community Based Breeding Strategies in Ethiopia”, An M.Sc. Thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 2008.
  [30] Z. Edea, “Characterization of Bonga and Horro indigenous sheep breeds of smallholders for designing community based breeding strategies in Ethiopia”, M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the department of animal science, school of graduate studies, Haramaya University.33, 2008.
  [31] T. Kedjela, “On-Farm Phenotypic Characterization of Indigenous Sheep and Sheep Production Systems in West Wollega, Oromia”, MS thesis Haramaya Univ, Ethiopia, 2010.
  [32] A. K. Thiruvenkadan, “Determination of best-fitted regression model for estimation of body weight in Kanni Adu Kids under farmer’s management syste”, Livestock research or Rural Development.17:1-11, 2005
  [33] J.H. Zar, “Biostatistical Analysis”. 4th edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey. 663p, 1999.
  [34] M. Kaps, W.R. Lamberson, “Biostatistics for animal science”, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. 2004.

  Citation
  T. Demeke, T. Getachew, E. Bayou, "On farm Phenotypic Characterization of Indigenous Sheep Breeds within Their Production Systems in Meket and Gidan District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.29-39, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Socioeconomic Determinants of Wood Fuel Energy Consumption in Minna, Nigeria

  Ibelieve Isaac, Jerry Habila, Hafiz Salami, Yusuf Ibrahim, Gideon Danlami, Richard Ojotule Ogwu, Mohammed Musa Yakatun

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.40-46, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  Energy poverty is a global problem. More than 40% of the global population depend on unclean and unsustainable energy sources for meeting their household energy need and satisfying their energy demands. Specifically, about 83% of households in Nigeria rely of wood fuel as their source of domestic cooking energy. This trend challenges the attainment of Goals 1 and 7 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This study aimed at appraising the socioeconomic determinants of wood fuel consumption in Minna, Nigeria and the objectives are to examine the socioeconomic conditions of the residents and to investigate the reasons for the choice of wood fuel as a source of cooking energy. Systematic random sampling technique was adopted to administer 383 copies of questionnaires to the respondents. Descriptive data analysis was conducted with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and it was discovered that majority of the users of wood fuel are women (54.31%) who earn considerably low income. More so, majority of the residents adopt wood fuel as their primary source of domestic energy because it is affordable (72.32%) and easily accessible (21.15%). The study therefore recommends empowerment programmes for the women in the study area in order to improve their financial capital base. Furthermore, it was recommended that subsidised clean energy sources should be provided to discourage wood fuel dependence in Minna. Finally, the need for further studies on the environmental and health implications of wood fuel consumption in Minna was suggested.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Wood fuel, Household, Consumption, Energy, Poverty, Sustainable Development Goals

  References
  [1] Fantom, N. Khokhar, T., & Purdie, E. The 2016 edition of World Development Indicators is out: Three features you won’t want to miss, 2016
  [2] World Bank World development indicators: 2016. Washington DC: The World Bank, 2016
  [3] Bakare, A. A., Olaniyi, E. T., & Oloruntola, M. O. “Pro-poor rural growth of agricultural food through rural public library services for the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria”, Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 2503, 2019
  [4] Tabary, M. E., & Purdie, E. Sustainable development and the demand for energy, 2016
  [5] Amous, S. Review of wood energy reports from ACP African countries. EC-FAO Partnership Programme Working Document, Rome, 2000.
  [6] UNDP, World energy assessment. New York: UNDP, 2002.
  [7] UNDP, World energy assessment. New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2004
  [8] Zaku, S. G., Kabir, A., Tukur, A. A., & Jimento, I. G. “Wood fuel consumption in Nigeria and the energy ladder: A review of fuel wood use in Kaduna State”, Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, vol. 4, Issue. 5, pp.85-89, 2013.
  [9] The Solar Cooking Archive Fuelwood as percentage of energy consumption in developing countries, 2011.
  [10] International Energy Agency (2006). World energy outlook. Paris: OECD, International Energy Agency, 2006.
  [11] Adedayo, A. G. “Gender roles in forest resources utilization and its impact on rural environment in Kwara State, Nigeria”, In: …… (Ed). Environmental sustainability and conservation in Nigeria, 2005.
  [12] Arnold, M. J. E., Kohlin, G., & Persson, R. “Woodfuels, livelihoods, and policy interventions: Changing perspectives”, World Development, vol. 34, issue. 3, 596-611, 2006.
  [13] Orelope-Adefulire, A. “Nigeria’s Voluntary National Review on the Implementation Of the 2030 Agenda and SDGS”, A Presentation to the United Nations High Level Political Forum at Conference Room 4 -UN HQS, 2017.
  [14] Isaac, I., Habila, J., Salami, H., Salami, R. O., & Abutu, P. “Mapping Poverty and Deprivation in Barikin-Sale, Minna, Nigeria”, World Academics Journal of Management, vol. 7, issue. 2, pp. 54-59, 2019.
  [15] National Bureau of Statistics. Annual abstracts of statistics. Abuja, Nigeria: National Bureau of statistics, 2007.
  [16] Trading Economics, Nigeria – Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line (% of population), 2019.
  [17] FAO, “Global forest resources assessment 2005”, FAO Forestry Paper 147: Progress towards sustainable forest management, 2005.
  [18] Broadhead, J., Bahdon, J., & Whiteman, A. “Wood fuel Consumption Modeling and Results Annex 2. In … (Ed)”, Past trends and future prospects for the utilization of wood for energy. Global Forest Products Outlook Study. Rome: FAO, 2001.
  [19] City Population, Niger State in Nigeria: Statistics, maps & charts, 2019.
  [20] Abd’razack, N. T. A., Medayese, S. O., Matins, V. I., Idowu, O. O., Adeleye, B. M., & Bello, L.O. (2012). An appraisal of household domestic energy consumption in Minna, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, vol. 1, issue. 10, pp. 1-9, 2012.
  [21] Population Stat, Minna, Nigeria population, 2019.
  [22] Taherdoost, H. “Determining sample size; How to calculate survey sample size”, International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, vol. 2, pp. 237-239, 2017.
  [23] National Population Commission, Population census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Analytical report of the national level. Abuja: National Population Commission, 2006.
  [24] Ali, O. J., & Victor, A. (2013). Assessment of socio-economic factors affecting household charcoal use in Makurdi urban area of Benue State, Nigeria. E3 Journal of Environmental Research and Management, vol. 3, issue. 7, pp. 0180-0188, 2013.
  [25] Max Lock, Minna Master plan. Max Lock Group, 1979.
  [26] Popoola, N. I., Jinadu, A.M., Sanusi, Y. A., Adeleye, B.M., & Odumosu, J. O. (2016). Evaluation of spatial growth dynamics in the peri-urban residential neighbourhoods in Minna, Nigeria. Academic Research International, vol. 7, issue. 1, pp. 259-270, 2016.

  Citation
  Ibelieve Isaac, Jerry Habila, Hafiz Salami, Yusuf Ibrahim, Gideon Danlami, Richard Ojotule Ogwu, Mohammed Musa Yakatun, "Socioeconomic Determinants of Wood Fuel Energy Consumption in Minna, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.40-46, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Lotha Tribe and Livelihood: A Sociological Study

  Nabarun Purkayastha

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.47-50, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  Nagaland, the state of India is inhabited by various tribes. The different tribes, speaking different languages represent different social and political institutions. The Lotha is one of the major tribal group in the region. They are the indigenous people of the state. The Indian constitution provides various political and economic safeguard of the tribal people. But even after 69th years of independence they are still underdeveloped. The study mainly highlighted the socio-economic condition of Lotha tribe in Moilan village and impact of welfare policies and programmes in their life.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Nagaland, Moilan village, Lotha Tribe, Socio-Economic Condition, Constitutional Provision, Govt. Programmes and Policies

  References
  [1] Ahmed, Jaynal Ud-din. Development scenario of North-East India. DVS Publishers, Guwahati, 2010.
  [2] Ahuja, A.K. and.Ojha, A.K. Welfare and Tribal Development Administration. Aalekh Publishers, Jaipur, 2009.
  [3] Biswas, R. K. Demographic Study of Primitive Tribe. SAAD Publication, New Delhi, 2006.
  [4] Bose, Ashish, Tiplut Nongbri and Nikhlesh Kumar. Tribal demography and development in North-East India. B.R. Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 2012.
  [5] Chaudhury K., Sukant and Patnaik, Soumendra Mohan. Indian Tribes and the Mainstream. Rawat publications, Jaipur-India, 2008.
  [6] Das,S.T. Tribal Development and Socio-Cultural Matrix. Kanishka Publishers Distributors, Delhi, 1993.
  [7] Datta, Birendranath. Cultural Contours of North-East India. Oxford university press, New Delhi, 2012.
  [8] Goswami, Atul. Traditional Self-Governing Institutions among the Hill Tribes of North-East India. Akansha Publishing House, New Delhi, 2002.
  [9] Joseph, V. Tribal Development during the Five YearPlans. Kurukshetra, Vol.51, No.8, June, pp.25, 2003.
  [10] Kumar, R and Ram, S. Tribes in North-East India. Arpan Publications, New Delhi, 2013.
  [11] Mandal, RamKrishna. Entrepreneurship and Rural Development in North-East India. DVS publishers, Guwahati, 2011.
  [12] Mibang, Tamo and Behera, M.C. Tribals villages in Arunachal Pradesh: changing human interface. Abijeet Publication, New Delhi, 2004.
  [13] Raha, M.K. and Commar, P.C. Ed. Tribal India Problem Development Project (volume2). Gian Publishing House, New Delhi, 1989.
  [14] Saikia, Hemanta, Taposh Baruah and, Archana Saikia. Socio-Economic Empowerment of women in North East India. Avon Publications, New Delhi, 2012.
  [15] Sarmah, Gunindra Nath. Microfinance and sustainable development in North-East India. Commonwealth publishers Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2013.
  [16] Verma, M. M. Tribal Development in India. Mittal Publications, New Delhi, 1996.
  [17] Xaxa, V. “Empowerment of Tribes” in Singharoy, DebalL (ed.), Social Development and the Empowerment ofMarginalized Groups, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2001.

  Citation
  Nabarun Purkayastha, "Lotha Tribe and Livelihood: A Sociological Study," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.47-50, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Quality Characteristics of Candies Produced From Tigernut Milk and Soymilk Blends

  C.N. Nwakalor

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.51-53, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  The side effect of lactose intolerance on the health of humans has been reported on consumption of dairy milk, and imitation (or substitute) milk from plants such as legume has been found to curb it. In this experiment, the physicochemical and sensory evaluation of candies developed from different blends of tigernut milk and soybean milk were investigated. Results showed that the candies had a significance difference (p<0.05) in acceptability of sensory attributes such as; appearance, taste, flavor, mouth feel and overall acceptability. The formulated candies samples compared favourably with the control sample PQR (100% liquid milk).The candies had vitamin C composition ranging from 2.60mg/kg – 16.24mg/kg, while vitamin A ranged from 67.04mg/kg – 164.11mg/kg. Protein and minerals like sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium were significantly increased (p<0.05) in sample GHI (70% tigernut milk and 30% soymilk) in the candy. The moisture and ash content of sample PQR (100% liquid milk) were significantly increased (p<0.05). The fiber content were significantly increased in sample PQR (100% liquid milk) candy. Carbohydrate content was significantly increased in sample ABC (50% tigernut milk and 50% soymilk) candy. It can be concluded that the results obtained revealed the possibility of using tigernut milk and soymilk as raw materials in food industries.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Candies, tigernut milk ,soybean milk, physicochemical and sensory evaluation

  References
  [1] AOAC. “Official Methods of Analysis Association of Official Analytical Chemists”, 16th ed. Washington DC, 1995.
  [2] M.A.Belewu, K.Y Belewu , “Comparative physicochemical evaluation of tigernut, soybean and coconut milk sources”, Intl J Agric Biol 5:785–7, 2007.
  [3] E.Eteshola, A.C.Oraedu, “Fatty acids composition of Tiger nut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.), baobab seeds (Adansonia digitata
  L.) and their mixtures”, J American Oil Chemists Society; 73: 255–257, 1996
  [4] M.O.Iwe, “Handbook of Sensory Methods andAnalysis”,Rojointy Communication Services Limited. 656, Adelabu Street, Uwani Enugu. ISBN 9783212486, 2002.
  [5] H.H.Lienel, “Ash Analysis.Introduction to Chemical Analysis of Foods”, (Ed. Nielsen S.S.), CBS Publishers New Delhi, Pp 123 133, 2002.
  [6] S.A. Odoemelan, “Chemical composition and functional properties of conophor nut flour (Tetracarpidium conophorum) flour”, Int. J Food Sci. Technol., 38: 729-734, 2003.
  [7] E.O. Sunny-Roberts, “An Evaluation of the Nutritional and Physiochemical Properties of Candies from Imitation Milks”, LadokeAkintola University of Technology.Department of Food Science and Engineering, 2007.
  [8] E.O.Sunny-Roberts, E.T. Otunola, B.T. Iwakun, “An Evaluation of Some Quality Parameters of a Laboratory, Prepared Fermented Groundnut Milk”, Eur. Food Res. Technol. 218:452-45, 2004.
  [9] SPSS, “Statistical Package for Social Science Guide for Personal Computer”, Version 21 edition, Chicago, 1995.

  Citation
  C.N. Nwakalor, "Quality Characteristics of Candies Produced From Tigernut Milk and Soymilk Blends," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.51-53, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Optimization of Operational Parameters for Production of Bio-Ethanol from Soybean Straw

  R.N. Singh, Shravan Yadav

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.54-57, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  India is Asia’s second largest producer of soybeans, and ranks fifth in the area and production in the world. It accounts for 3.95% of global production of Soybean. On an average India uses about 9.73 million hectare land for production of Soybean and produces 89.942 million metric tons seed during 2019. Among different states of India, Madhya Pradesh (M. P.) itself contributes 40.107 million metric tons soybean seed. Apart from that MP also produce about 4069.26 kg straw per hectare. Although, Soybean straw is a renewable source of energy and available surplus in M P (1893.4 kilo tons /year), however, it is not being utilised efficiently. This lingo-cellulosic biomass could be used for production of bio-ethanol. To uses it efficiently, the work was initiated for production of bio-ethanol using yeast. At different yeast to Soybean straw ratio (1:20, 1:13, and 1:10, 1:8, 1:6) bio-ethanol was produced. Latter it was distillate at different temperatures (50, 60, 70, 80 & 90˚C). At 1:10 ratio of yeast to soybean straw and 70 ˚C distillation temperature maximum recovery of bio-ethanol (50% of soybean straw) was obtained. Bio-ethanol obtained from soybean straw has calorific value 27.855MJ/kg (6653kCal/kg). Economic study of Bio-ethanol produced from Soybean straw reveals that for production of 1 L of bio-ethanol it cost about Rs. 310, which is higher side. This cost could be reduced, if it is produced at large scale.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Soybean straw, fermentation, yeast, bio-alcohol, energy content

  References
  [1] R. N. Singh R. K. Yadav, “Optimization of Operational Parameters for Production of Bio-ethanol from Red Gram Straw”, Journal of Alternate Energy Sources & Technologies, Vol.10, issue 2, pp. 1–8, 2019.
  [2] L. Capolupo and V. Faraco, “Green methods of lingo-cellulose pre-treatment for bio-refinery development”, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 100, issue 22, pp. 9451–9467, 2016.
  [3] S. Brethauer and M. H. Studer, “Biochemical conversion processes of lingo-cellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals –A review”, Chimia, Vol. 69, issue 10, pp. 572–581, 2015.
  [4] N. Reddy and Y. Yang, “Natural cellulose fibber from Soybean Straw”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 100, issue 14, pp. 3593–3598, 2009.
  [5] Z. Xu, Q. Wang, Z. Jiang, X.-X. Yang, and Y. Ji, “Enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated soybean straw, Biomass & Bio- Energy, Vol. 31, issue 2-3, pp. 162–167, 2007.
  [6] M. Martelli-Tosi., O. B. G. Assis, N. C. Silva, B. S. Esposto, M. A. Martins, and D. R. Tapia-Bl´acido, “Chemical treatment and characterization of soybean straw and soybean protein isolate/straw composite films,” Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 157, pp. 512–520, 2017.
  [7] L. P. Devendra., M. Kiran Kumar, and A. Pandey, “Evaluation of hydrotropic pre-treatment on lingo-cellulosic biomass”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 213, pp. 350–358, 2016.
  [8] K. D. Dinesh Agarwal, S. D. Billore, A. N. Sharma, B. U. Dupare and S. K. Srivastava, “Soybean: Introduction, Improvement, and Utilization in India—Problems and Prospects”, Agricultural Research, Vol. 2, issue 4, pp: 293-300, 2013.
  [9] Ayda Krisnawati and M. Muchlish Adie “Variability of Biomass and Harvest Index from Several Soybean Genotypes as Renewable Energy Source” Energy Procedia 65 pp: 14 – 21, 2015.
  [10] M. H. Silveira, Morais A. R., A. M. da Costa Lopes, D. N. Olekszyszen, R. Bogel-Łukasik, J. L. Andreaus, . “Pereira Ramos Current Pre-treatment Technologies for the Development of Cellulosic Ethanol and Biorefineries” ChemSusChem, Vol. 8, Issue 20, pp: 3366–3390, 2015.
  [11] R. N. Singh, A. Mishra and D. Asha “Optimization of operational parameters for production of Bio-ethanol using Mahua flower and food processing waste water” Invertis Journal of Renewable Energy, Vol.7, issue 4 pp: 218-223, 2017.
  [12] Kim Seonghun, “Evaluation of Alkali-Pretreated Soybean Straw for Ligno-cellulosic Bio-ethanol Production”; International Journal of Polymer Science, Article ID 5241748, 2018
  [13] R. N. Singh, Jagdish Damor “Feasibility Study of Mahua (Madhuca Indica) Fruit Pulp as a Feedstock for Bio-alcohol Industry”, Journal of Alternate Energy Sources and Technologies-STM Journal, Vol. 10 issue 1, pp: 32–35, 2019
  [14] R. N. Singh, and K. N. Patil, “SPRERI method for quick measurement of moisture content of biomass fuels” SESI Journal, Vol. 11, issue 1, pp: 25 – 28, 2001.
  [15] F. G. Albrecht, D. H. König; N. Baucks, R .U Dietrich, “A standardized methodology for the techno-economic evaluation of alternative fuels – A case study”, Fuel. Vol. 194, pp: 511–526, 2017.

  Citation
  R.N. Singh, Shravan Yadav, "Optimization of Operational Parameters for Production of Bio-Ethanol from Soybean Straw," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.54-57, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Flooding In Lokoja (1999-2018), Kogi State Nigeria

  Jimoh U.U., Salami H.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp.58-72, Feb-2020

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  Abstract
  This study is design to undertake a spatio-temporal analysis of flooding from 1999 to 2018 in Lokoja, Kogi state Nigeria. Longitudinal research design was adopted for the study in which both primary and secondary data were sourced. A multi-stage sampling technique was utilized. The spatial data includes eight sets of satellite imageries of Lokoja, comprising of four sets of Landsat imageries captured during the dry season and another four set captured in wet season. The imageries for year 1999, 2009, 2012, and 2018 of American Land-sat series Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhance Thematic Mapper (ETM) were acquired. All the satellite imageries were obtained from online resource of United State Global Land Cover Facilities (US GLCF). Also, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) of Digital Elevation Model of Lokoja was acquired from Global vision (Glovis) section of United State Global Land Cover Facilities. Trend of land inundated from year 1999 to 2018, was generated. Qualitative data (FGD) was conducted to complement the study and was content analyzed. The result revealed that, in the year 1999, there was no recorded or reported cases of flooding, and this was associated with the level of development then. The year 1999 water was recorded to discharge at 23090 cummecs with a water level of 10.36. There was no damage to built-up area as also confirmed by the LULC analysis, but the water discharged only boosted agricultural yield that year. The LULC analysis shows that in the year 2012, due to irregular rainfall witnessed coupled with release of water from dam up stream of the river, there was water discharge of 30676 cummecs with a water level of 12.85 (NIWA, 2018). As such, the year 2012 inundated highest percentage of land (24.48km2), compared with year 2018 (19.24km2) and year 2009 (13.09km2). Effects of flooding were discovered to have made people relocated to different places while affected people got financial aids from friends and relatives. Conclusively, land inundated in Lokoja is expected to increase as climate change increases. This is against the backdrop of rapid rate of urbanization on limited land space which is also constrained by Mount Patti to the west and river to the east.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Satellite Data, Geospatial Mapping, Flood Disasters and Risk, Vulnerability, Kogi State

  References
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  Citation
  Jimoh U.U., Salami H., "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Flooding In Lokoja (1999-2018), Kogi State Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.6, Issue.2, pp.58-72, 2020