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• Open Access   Article

  Rediscovering the Diversity of Guatemalan Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Bombus Latreille, 1802)

  Dardón MJ, Yurrita CL, Landaverde-González P, Vásquez M, Ayala R.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.1-14, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Bumble bees (Bombus Latreille) play an essential role as pollinators of both wild and cultivated plants. Traditionally, these bees have been identified based on their color patterns, which in some cases vary among individuals of the same species, or different species, can share similar patterns and colorations allowing for inaccurate identifications. Despite these problems, Guatemalan reports on Bombus species have relied basically on color patterns. Here, we combine mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences and morphometric measurements, in an attempt to provide further information on the species limits of nine Bombus species occurring in Guatemala and also two species occurring in Mexico. When molecular analyses failed to distinguish between “morphological species” we applied traditional morphometrics using body measurements. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences allowed for the discrimination of seven of the eleven “morphological species” evaluated. The remaining four species clustered into two pairs of species that have problematic taxonomy (B. sonorous–B. pensylvanicus, and B. ephippiatus–B. wilmattae). Morphometric analysis performed on the B. ephippiatus–B. wilmattae pair indicated non-discrimination between these forms, supporting the hypothesis that these are a single species. Therefore, based on our results we confirm the presence of the following species in Guatemala: B. ephippiatus (including B. wilmattae as synonym), Bombus (Cullumanobombus) macgregori Labougle & Ayala, 1985, Bombus (Thoracobombus) medius Cresson, 1863, Bombus (Thoracobombus) mexicanus Cresson, 1878, Bombus (Thoracobombus) pullatus Franklin, 1913, Bombus (Psithyrus) variabilis (Cresson, 1872), Bombus (Thoracobombus) weisi Friese, 1903, and Bombus (Thoracobombus) xelajuensis Asperen de Boer, 1992.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  DNA barcoding, Bombini, Central America, Morphometry, Taxonomy

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  Citation
  Dardón MJ, Yurrita CL, Landaverde-González P, Vásquez M, Ayala R., "Rediscovering the Diversity of Guatemalan Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Bombus Latreille, 1802)," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.1-14, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Reproductive Functions and Toxicology Following Scrotal Ultrasound Therapy in Rats

  Abdul S. Ansari, Sonu, Rajeev Kumar Dhaked, Ayesha Badar, Barkha Khilwani, Nirmal Kumar Lohiya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.15-24, Apr-2020

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  Therapeutic ultrasound involves direct application to the scrotum that might affect normal reproductive functions. We explore possibilities for development of a localized, non-invasive and reversible contraception method with ultrasound therapy in rat model. Animals were divided equally into five groups. Results observed with a gradual decrease in reproductive organs weight, testis volume, testosterone concentration and cauda epididymal sperm count, motility and viability following therapy, whereas sperm abnormalities were continuously enhanced throughout the study in groups II - V. Testis histopathology marked with duration and frequency dependent changes in groups II - V including conspicuous alterations in the seminiferous tubules, erupted germ cells, impaired spermatogenesis with pycnotic nuclei, vacuolization in the Sertoli cells, small Leydig cell nuclei, total necrosis and reduction in seminiferous tubules and wide interstitial space with fibroblast like cells. The fertility was totally lost at 180 days (groups II and III), 15 - 180 days (group IV) and 7 - 30 days of therapy (group V), respectively. A complete recovery was observed in all parameters in group V rats. Ultrasound application affects reproductive organs and fertility in rats. Hence, it may serve as a viable male contraceptive with further confirmation of dose and duration dependent efficacy, side effects and reversibility.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Fertility; Scrotum; Ultrasound; Toxicology; Wistar albino rat

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  Citation
  Abdul S. Ansari, Sonu, Rajeev Kumar Dhaked, Ayesha Badar, Barkha Khilwani, Nirmal Kumar Lohiya, "Reproductive Functions and Toxicology Following Scrotal Ultrasound Therapy in Rats," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.15-24, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Physicochemical and analytical characterization of biosurfactant produced by Serratia rubidaea KAP

  Anuradha S. Pendse, K. Aruna

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.25-40, Apr-2020

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  Citation

  Abstract
  In an attempt to replace the chemical compounds that may potentially disrupt the environment, biological sources has been exploited extensively for characteristic recovery of their metabolic products. The present study was carried out with a similar attempt to characterize the biosurfactant produced by Serratia rubidaea KAP isolated from oil polluted soil sample. The biosurfactant sample was analyzed qualitatively by the Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) technique which indicated the presence of proteins, carbohydrates (with rhamnose as major sugar) and lipids. This was further confirmed by High Performance-TLC technique. The concentration of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids were also quantified using suitable colorimetric and gravimetric techniques. They were estimated to be 11%, 37% and 51.09% respectively in the biosurfactant sample. It was further characterized to be ionic in nature, on the basis of agar double diffusion method. The analytical tests including Fourier Transformed Infra-Red spectrum and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of rhamnolipids. The biosurfactant further showed a critical micelle concentration of 62%. Moreover, the stability studies indicated considerable biosurfactant activity at a wide range of temperature (from 4°C -100°C), alkaline pH and in an environment of salinity up to 12%. Thus, these results strongly suggest that the biosurfactant produced by S. rubidaea KAP can be useful in industries which operate at extreme conditions of pH, temperature and salinity e.g., pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food industries, and for bioremediation in the marine environment.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Biosurfactant, TLC, Rhamnolipid, Serratia rubidaea, Stability

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  [101] H. Abbasi, M.M. Hamedi, T.B. Lotfabad, H.S. Zahiri, H. Sharafi, F. Masoomi, A.A Moosavi-Movahedi, A. Ortiz, M Amanlou, K.A. Noghabi, “Biosurfactant-producing bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MA01 isolated from spoiled apples: physicochemical and structural characteristics of isolated biosurfactant,” Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Vol. 113, Issue.2, pp.211-219, 2012.
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  Citation
  Anuradha S. Pendse, K. Aruna, "Physicochemical and analytical characterization of biosurfactant produced by Serratia rubidaea KAP," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.25-40, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Effect of Unani Medicine in Iltehab-e-Jild Huzaazi (Seborrheic Dermatitis) of Head: A case study

  Misbahuddin Azhar, Zamir Ahmad, Mustehasan

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.41-43, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Iltihab-e-Jild Huzazi (IJH) or Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a mild inflammatory disorder of skin that mainly affects scalp. Central face nasolabial folds, eyebrows and central chest are other commonly affected areas in adults. It is due to Pityrosporum ovale infection of the skin. According to Unani system of medicine IJH is due to predominance of certain humors at the site of balgham (phlegm) and sauda (black bile).Here in we report a case of Iltihab-e-Jild Huzazi and reduction in sign and symptoms following treatment with Pharmacopoeial Unani medicine Habb Musaffi Khoon along with a proprietary medicine Eczenil ointment. There is almost complete clearance of scaly patches on the head after the treatment for 15 days with this combination. It may be concluded that the above combination may be used as a cost effective and safe treatment option for IJH (SD).

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Iltihab-e-Jild Huzazi, Seborrheic dermatitis, Unani medicine, Musaffi-e-Khoon, Eczenil ointment

  References
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  [8] M. Picardo, N. Cameli, “Seborrheic dermatitis. In: Williams H,Bigby M, Diepgen T, Herxheimer A, Naldi L, Rzany B, eds. Evidence-Based Dermatology”, Second Edition. Blackwell Publishing Massachusetts, pp. 164-170, 2008.
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  Citation
  Misbahuddin Azhar, Zamir Ahmad, Mustehasan, "Effect of Unani Medicine in Iltehab-e-Jild Huzaazi (Seborrheic Dermatitis) of Head: A case study," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.41-43, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Developement of anti- P. aeruginosa Immunoglobulin Y antibodies as prophylacic therapy for cystic fibrosis patients

  Manal M. E. Ahmed, Jakeen Eljakee, Tarek Mahran

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.44-50, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Emergence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) P. aeruginosa for respiratory tract infections represents a major critical challenge to the health care community worldwide. It is associated with progressive chronic respiratory infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). While, the antibiotic resistance has been a global growing problem and vaccines development is impeded by several limitations, an urgent need to develop novel approaches is growing. In this study, we developed anti- P. aeruginosa IgYs as an alternative to meet this need. Preclinical evaluation revealed that immunization of Balb/c mice with the developed IgYs resulted in 95%, 90%, 70% protective effect among group (A) that was immunized intranasal one hour before challenge, group (B) that was immunized intranasal six hours after challenge and group (C) that was immunized orally, respectively. Furthermore, the pulmonary bacterial load in treated mice was lower than in the controls by more than 2 log after 24 hours of infection. Thus, the prepared IgYs had anti-P. aeruginosa immuno-reactivity that increasing its potential for use as a prophylactic therapy.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  P. Aeruginosa, Immunoglobulins Y, Cystic fibrosis, protective efficacy, challenge test, prophylactic therapy

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  Citation
  Manal M. E. Ahmed, Jakeen Eljakee, Tarek Mahran, "Developement of anti- P. aeruginosa Immunoglobulin Y antibodies as prophylacic therapy for cystic fibrosis patients," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.44-50, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  A Search of COVID-19 main Protease Inhibitor from Plant Derived Alkaloids using Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Reference: An In-silico Approach

  Bhaskor Kolita, Amlan Jyoti Bora, Pinaki Hazarika

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.51-61, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that causes respiratory illness in human and has now become a major challenge for all over the world. As no drug is approved yet for COVID-19, it is strongly demanding to search lead compounds. Therefore, the current investigation is an attempt to screen lead molecule for inhibition of Covid-19 main protease. Herein, we considered 98 plant derived alkaloids having antimalarial activity, quinine and docked with COVID-19 main protease taking Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine as reference. Finally, compounds Bidebiline E, Bisnordihydrotoxiferine and Thalifaberine were screened as lead molecule on the basis of Moldock score, H-bond interaction and ADMET study, and recommended for in vitro investigation.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  COVID-19; Chloroquine; Hydroxychloroquine; Alkaloids; ADMET

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  Citation
  Bhaskor Kolita, Amlan Jyoti Bora, Pinaki Hazarika, "A Search of COVID-19 main Protease Inhibitor from Plant Derived Alkaloids using Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine as Reference: An In-silico Approach," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.51-61, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Marine Enterobacter Cloacae Mariam ADRA1*, Badr ALALI2 and Ahmad KARA ALI3

  Mariam ADRA, Badr ALALI and Ahmad KARA ALI

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.62-68, Apr-2020

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Antimicrobial substances are so widespread that they are likely to play an important therapeutic role. Many researches showed that microorganisms produce important biochemical compounds, which were used in different domains (medical, pharmaceutical, industrial). The present study aimed to isolate a marine bacterium and study the bioactivity of its methanolic crude extracts. Marine water samples were collected for the isolation of bacteria based on their growth density and then identified depended on morphological, microscopic characterization and biochemical tests. The antibiotics sensitivity was estimated by DL-96II Auto Microbial ID/AST System, While the effectiveness of the methanolic extract was determined by agar- well diffusion method. The compounds in the organic extract of the isolated bacteria were identified by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their bioactivity was studied. The results showed that these bacteria is Enterobacter cloacae and showed resistance to six from twenty antibiotics. The bioactivity of extract was higher against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli than Staphylococcus aureus. The chemical analysis of the organic extract showed that eighteen chemical compounds have medical and pharmaceutical importance.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Marine Enterobacter cloacae, Antibiotics, Bioactivity, GC-MS analysis

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  AUTHORS PROFILE
  Mrs. Mariam Adra has obtained B. of Microbiology from Tishreen University in 2016, and is studying MSc of Marine Biology science at the Higher Institute for Marine Research. She works as a science teacher at the secondary level and teaches bacteriology and antibiotics at the university. Her main research work focuses on bacteria. she has 5 years of teaching experience and 3 years of research experience.
  
  
  

  Citation
  Mariam ADRA, Badr ALALI and Ahmad KARA ALI, "GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Marine Enterobacter Cloacae Mariam ADRA1*, Badr ALALI2 and Ahmad KARA ALI3," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.62-68, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Bacteriocin Induced Milk as a Vehicle against Dental Cavities

  Parul Thapar, R.K. Malik, M.K. Salooja

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.69-76, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  The prevalence of dental caries is consistently increasing, in every age across the globe, and today the concern for the “Oral health” is almost at the same level as for “General health”. The oral health care demands are beyond the capacities of the health care systems in most low and middle income countries. Therefore, it was thought to explore the natural ways by which the problems of dental caries can be prevented in a cost-effective manner. It was found that a few studies have set the path through use of natural bacteriocins against inhibition of caries causing organisms. The inhibition of caries causing organisms can be done by naturally occurring substances like bacteriocins found in lactic acid bacteria. Bacteriocins are potent protein toxins produced by virtually every bacterial and archeal species. In the present study, prevention of dental caries by utilization of bacteriocins from lactic acid bacteria has been done by incorporating bacteriocin in milk. The bacteriocin producing five strains of Lactobacillus brevis isolated from curd were used for the production of bacteriocin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bacteriocins was carried out to find the best bacteriocin producing strain. Out of five bacteriocin producers, the strain LB11(1) showed maximum percentage of MIC. The characterization of the bacteriocin was done using various optimization conditions. The partial purification was done using ammonium sulphate precipitation and centrifugal filteration. The purified bacteriocin was then incorporated in the milk to check the effect of inhibition on caries causing organisms (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus isolated from dental cavities). It was confirmed that the bacteriocin induced milk can be applied to prevent dental caries directly by the consumer and the milk itself can become a vehicle against dental cavities.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Bacteriocins, lactic acid bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus brevis

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  Citation
  Parul Thapar, R.K. Malik, M.K. Salooja, "Bacteriocin Induced Milk as a Vehicle against Dental Cavities," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.69-76, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Role of H+ and Ca++ concentrations on Vorticella stalk Contraction Determination

  Amit Kumar Verma, Ashok Kumar Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.77-81, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Vorticella stalks contraction mechanism is based upon the behaviour of novel types of motor proteins involved in the process and thus determined positive sensitive effects when in [H+] from 14.80 × 10-10 to 7.15 × 10-10 mole whereas [Ca++] from 0.5 to 4.5 mM reflected negative effects on contraction dynamics in terms of birefringence. The protoosmotic applications on the stalk contraction provided information about biochemical nature of motor proteins involved in contraction dynamics of the stalk in terms of frequency and duration profiles in reversible reactions have potential future applications in controlling patterns of structural modifications of motor proteins involved throughout the system.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  H+ & Ca++ concentrations, Vorticella stalk, contraction determination, frequencies and durations profiles.

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  Citation
  Amit Kumar Verma, Ashok Kumar Singh, "Role of H+ and Ca++ concentrations on Vorticella stalk Contraction Determination," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.77-81, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Extraction and Isolation of capsaicin from Capsicum annum L (CO-1) variety by High-performance liquid chromatography and its Bioactivities

  H. Deepa and A. Subhashini

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.2 , pp.82-91, Apr-2020

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  Abstract
  Capsaicin is a nutritional factor, the active component of chilli, which is responsible for the pungent component of chilli. Chilli has diverse uses as a spice, condiment, culinary supplement, Medicine, vegetable and ornamental plant. Aim of the study: Stimulation and enhancement of capsaicin content by polyploidy induction, quantification of enhanced capsaicin, its cytotoxicity and Bioactivity studies. Materials and methods: Healthy 3 varieties (CO-1, K2, Jwala) of Capsicum annum L. (chilli) was selected for enhancement of capsaicin content by polyploidy induction. The variety showing high capsaicin content in the fifth generation was chosen for further study. The enhanced capsaicin was isolated by silica gel column chromatography and purified using HPLC. Cytotoxicity was studied in onion root tips by root tip squash method and Vero cell lines. Anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of Albumin denaturation method and Anti-cancer activity by MTT assay was studied using the enhanced capsaicin. Results: Of the 3 chilli varieties selected, CO-1 showed high and enhanced capsaicin content in the fifth generation. By HPLC, with a retention time of 1.368 min, 72.93% purity was obtained against control having a retention time of 1.337min of 41.4% purity recorded. Cytotoxicity of onion root tips showed no cell abnormalities and hence was found to be non-toxic to the cells. In the Vero cell line assay, the IC50 value and the viability of the cell line was 60.39% in treated and 58.79% in control of 100 µg/ml concentration. Anti-inflammatory activity of enhanced Capsaicin also showed maximum inhibition rate of 81.23% against 76.26% in control using 100 µg/ml. In Anti-cancer activity, IC50 dose was 6.25μg/ml in treated whereas untreated capsaicin showed 25μg/ml. Thus, enhanced Capsaicin shows a significant anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  chilli, capsaicin, HPLC, inhibition, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer

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  Citation
  H. Deepa and A. Subhashini, "Extraction and Isolation of capsaicin from Capsicum annum L (CO-1) variety by High-performance liquid chromatography and its Bioactivities," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.82-91, 2020